沼肥与化肥配施对东北不同株型玉米叶片光合特性及产量的影响

为探究沼肥与化肥不同比例配施对2种不同株型春玉米光合参数及产量的影响。以平展型玉米‘丰禾1号’和紧凑型玉米‘郑单958’为试验材料,设置5个不同沼肥与化肥配施处理,采用大田小区试验,研究其对不同株型玉米叶绿素荧光参数、叶面积指数、SPAD值及产量的影响。结果表明,沼肥化肥配施处理后,2种株型玉米的光系统Ⅱ反应中心(PSⅡ)最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)及PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)升高,初始荧光(F0)值下降,叶面积指数和SPAD值上升,且变化幅度均为80%沼肥与20%化肥配施处理最大。与‘丰禾1号’相比,沼肥化肥配施处理对紧凑型玉米‘郑单958’的作用效果更为明显,显著增加其PSⅡ内部光合转换效率、潜在活性和叶片光合面积,并延长其光合作用时间。产量构成因素表现为80%沼肥与20%化肥配施处理的2个品种穗长、穗粗、百粒质量显著增加。‘丰禾1号’和‘郑单958’在合理的沼肥与化肥配施处理下,产量分别达到9 367.82kg/hm2和11 145.39kg/hm2,对比单施化肥处理分别增产29.56%和34.96%。     

Carbendazim sensitivity in populations of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex infecting strawberry and yams in Hubei Province of China

The ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a devastating plant pathogen with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. Carbendazim has been widely used to control anthracnose caused by the C. gloeosporioides complex in China for more than 30 years and resistance to carbendazim has been reported in China. A total of 125 Colletotrichum isolates of strawberry and yam were collected from different geographical regions in Hubei Province, China. Approximately 52.8% of Colletotrichum spp. isolates showed resistance to carbendazim. The isolates tested in this study belong to four species, and the frequencies of resistant isolates differed across Colletotrichum species. Resistant isolates were found in C. siamense and C. fructicola. In contrast, all isolates of C. gloeosporioides and C. aenigma were sensitive to carbendazim. Highly carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the E198 A mutation in the β-tubulin 2(TUB2) gene, whereas moderately carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the F200 Y mutation in the TUB2 gene. Carbendazim-sensitive Colletotrichum isolates in this study were not genetically similar enough to form a separate cluster from resistant isolates. The result of this study emphasizes the importance of knowing which Colletotrichum sp. is present, when strategies for disease control are made.     

碱蓬根系嗜盐耐盐真菌的分离与鉴定

为分析耐盐植物碱蓬根系真菌的组成和耐盐程度,采用常规植物组织真菌分离方法对盐碱地中生长健康的碱蓬根系进行真菌分离,将分离得到的真菌在不同NaCl浓度培养基上进行培养,检测菌株的嗜盐耐盐性,并对分离得到的嗜盐耐盐真菌进行形态学鉴定和分子生物学鉴定。结果显示:分离得到耐盐真菌40株,分别属于镰刀菌属(Fusarium sp.)、链格孢属(Alternaria sp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)、腐霉属(Pythium sp.)等,其中,棘孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus)和尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)是没有被报道过的耐盐真菌;分离得到嗜盐真菌3株,都属于聚多曲霉(Aspergillus sydowii)。结果表明,耐盐植物碱蓬中嗜盐耐盐真菌多样性丰富。     

荆州市稻田部分公益功能的经济评价初探

以2008年荆州市稻田公益功能的经济价值为研究对象,针对稻田生态系统的水源涵养及蓄洪、气候调节和文化教育等非物质生产功能,运用影子工程法、替代价值法、造林成本法、碳税法等计算出2008年荆州稻田公益功能的经济总价值为6.114×109元,占荆州市当年GDP的9.80%。其中大气调节功能价值为4.902×109元,占总价值的80.18%;水源涵养及蓄洪功能为1.079×109元,占总价值的17.65%;人文功能价值为1.332×108元,占总价值的2.17%。初步经济价值评估表明,稻田生态系统在气候改善和水文调控方面发挥着重要的不可替代的作用。     

能源植物潜力种——甘肃大戟(Euphorbia kansuensis Prokh.)的形态和分布研究(英文)

[目的]研究甘肃大戟的分类学地位。[方法]根据野外调查、采集,结合标本观察,对江苏分布的乳浆大戟亚属的甘肃大戟(Euphorbia kansuensis Prokh.)和月腺大戟(E.ebraceolata Hayata)的形态特征和分布区等方面进行了研究。[结果《]江苏植物志》记载的月腺大戟和《中国植物志》的甘肃大戟在形态描述的被毛和根形态这2个重要特征上没有明显区别,且相互有交叉,故《中国植物志》认为月腺大戟是甘肃大戟的误用名是合理的,但是其形态描述应修订为:全株有毛或无毛;根为纺锤形至圆柱状;腺体为肾状长圆形。[结论]该研究对于理清甘肃大戟的分类学地位具有重要意义。     

纤维素酶及其研究进展

纤维素酶可以有效降解纤维素,将纤维素水解转化为二糖或单糖,为能源、食物和化工等产业提供可用的原料,在工业中具有广泛的应用价值.文章就纤维素酶的特点及纤维素酶在食品、发酵、饲料和纺织等工业方面的应用进行了阐述.     

地表太阳辐射减弱和臭氧浓度增加对冬小麦生长和产量的影响

为研究辐射减弱和O3胁迫对作物的影响,利用改进的开顶式气室(OTC)和遮荫网,开展了辐射减弱和O3胁迫的大田试验研究.实验设置4种处理:CK为野外大田组,T1为40％遮荫,T2为100 nL/LO3,T3为遮荫40％和100 nL/LO3的复合组.结果表明:T1和T3组冬小麦的生育期延长且推迟,T3组株高无明显变化;T2组株高降低,生育期缩短;单株干物质重均降低,T3降幅最大;各组灌浆速率均降低,T3组降幅最大;T1和T3产量、千粒重、穗数、穗粒数和穗重显著降低,T2组穗数无明显改变.由此可见,复合对小麦生长的影响较接近40％遮荫;粒重降低主要是因为灌浆速率的降低,灌浆时间的影响较小;产量的降低主要是千粒重、穗数、穗重的降低,降幅最大,但小于两因子单独累加.     

九龙江口鳔亚科两种鱼类生长和死亡参数的估算

基于2010年9月—2013年5月连续33个月份在九龙江口紫泥、岛美、浮宫3个站位流刺网和定置网调查采集的样本,对斑鲦和花鲦的生长和死亡特性进行了初步研究,并利用单位补充量产量模型对斑鲦和花鲦渔业的开发状态进行了评估．结果表明：1）斑鲦的体长分布范围为29．0—190．30删,平均为103．54mm;体重分布范围为0．30～121．20g,平均为19．88g．VonBertalanffy生长参数L∞=204．75nlin,K=0．36,t0=-0．45a,总死亡系数、自然死亡系数和捕捞死亡系数分别为1．14、0．46842和0．67158;渔业生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax分别为0．64752和0．74556．2）花鲦的体长分布范围为42．00—143．00min,平均为89．26mm;体重分布范围为1．00—43．85g,平均为11．32g．其生长参数L∞、K和to分别为152．25mm、0．32和-0．55a,总死亡系数、自然死亡系数和捕捞死亡系数分别为1．54、0．47105和1．06895;渔业生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax;分别为1．16578和1．32132．通过YPR模型分析得出：斑鳔资源处于过度捕捞状态,花鲦资源尚未过度利用．     

Coupling changes of soil functional gene abundances and extracellular enzyme activities across the diagnostic horizons of agricultural Isohumosols

Soil functional microbial taxa and extracellular enzymes are involved in a variety of biogeochemical cycling processes. Although many studies have revealed the vertical change patterns of microbial communities along soil profile, the general understanding of the coupling changes in the functional gene abundances (FGAs) and extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) in soil profiles is still limited, which hinders us from revealing soil ecosystem processes. Herein, we comparatively investigated the FGAs and EEAs in the diagnostic A, B, and C horizons of soil profiles obtained from two suborders of Isohumosols (Mollisols), Ustic and Udic Isohumosols, in Northeast China based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and standard fluorometric techniques, respectively. The distribution patterns of both FGAs and EEAs significantly distinguished by the two soil suborders and were also separated from A to C horizon. Additionally, the variations of EEAs and FGAs were greater in Udic Isohumosols compared to Ustic Isohumosols along soil profiles, and greater changes were observed in C horizon than in A horizon. Both FGAs and EEAs correspondently decreased along the soil profiles. However, when normalized by soil organic carbon, the specific EEAs significantly increased in deep soil horizons, suggesting that microorganisms will input more resources to the production of enzymes to ensure microbial nutrient requirements under resource scarcity. More importantly, we revealed that soil microbial nutrient demands were limited by carbon (C) and phosphorus (P), and the C and P limitations significantly increased along soil profiles with a greater C limitation observed in Ustic Isohumosols than in Udic Isohumosols. Overall, our findings provided solid evidence showing the links between FGAs, EEAs, and microbial nutrient limitations, which would be helpful for a better understanding of the ecosystem processes in soil profiles.     

日粮中添加NCG对妊娠前期鄂尔多斯细毛羊血液、尿囊液和羊水中氨基酸浓度的影响

为了研究日粮中添加NCG(N-氨甲酰谷氨酸)对妊娠前期鄂尔多斯细毛羊血液、尿囊液和羊水中氨基酸浓度的影响,试验选择年龄、胎次和体况相近、平均体重为50.62±0.52 kg的受孕鄂尔多斯细毛羊母羊40只,随机分为3组(NCG1组饲喂基础日粮+0.30 g NCG/d(n=13),NCG2组饲喂基础日粮+0.40 g N...