LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS SEROTYPE HARDJO OUTBREAK IN A VICTORIAN DAIRY HERD AND ASSOCIATED INFECTION IN MAN

SUMMARY Leptospirosis associated with probable L. hardjo infection was investigated in a dairy herd in a coastal district of Western Victoria. Thirty-six of 110 cows suffered leptospiruria and mastitis characterised by flaccid udders and abnormal milk. One of two media used enabled the isolation of the organism from infected guinea pigs inoculated with fresh urine. Microscopic agglutination titres to L. hardjo were elevated during the outbreak. There was an associated human infection.     

A Note on Localization and Specialization

ABSTRACT Analysts and policy makers frequently measure industrial localization and regional specialization. However, they rarely examine the nation's full array of industries or regions. So local indices, appropriate for specific industries or selected regions, are typically estimated. But in some instances global indices would be preferable in order to assess the wider features of the entire space‐economy. This article constructs global indices from the local indices already used in assessing localization and specialization. Global localization and global specialization are shown to be identical when all local indices use the dissimilarity logic. Two‐digit standard industry codes manufacturing data, taken from the U.S. during 1958–1995, are used to illustrate the results. The values of these global coefficients, like their local constituents, are shown to vary with geographic scale. The discussion addresses spatial distributions (evenness) but not geographic arrangements (clustering).     

Interindustry Employment Requirements in Nonmetropolitan Communities

Interindustry employment requirements are examined in nonmetropolitan communities ranging in population size between 1,000 and 15,000. A ten-sector economic base model is first used to estimate the demand for nonbasic employment in five different functional types of communities. A new and improved method for community impact assessment is then outlined. Here a distance-weighting procedure is applied to the various type-specific estimates of nonbasic employment so that a composite employment requirements matrix can be calculated for any study community. Finally, postimpact interindustry requirements are decomposed into two effects: preimpact employment requirements plus nonbasic employment shifts reflecting structural change. All estimates and findings are based on the Arizona Community Data Set.     

A Study on Thought of Tea of Hanjae Yi-mok＇s Da-bu

The Da-bu of Hanjae Lee mok （1471-1498） is known as an original masterpiece,which is predominantly documented in Korean tea books.He had always spared no effort to put Confucianists＇ theories and thoughts into practice during his 28-year career.Da-bu tea magnificently reflected his concepts of Confucianism in conjunction with tea-drinking activities.The main contents of Da-bu have included written authors,tea species and production,landscape of tea cultivation,tea plants and leaves,ways of tea-drinking and three-grade tea,tea song of seven cups,5 merits and 6 moralities of tea,benefits of tea-drinking,tea comprehension,etc.According to the views of contents,tea of Hanjae Leemok is the only partner with which we can share life and it can also be beneficial to healthy diets.Not only does it have become part of our daily life,but also be a medicine for our physical and mental disease.He composed the tea song of seven cups,which sufficiently expressed a real practice of the pursued ideal state of Confucianism and Taoism.He also promoted a drinking tea for health enrichment of Confucianists.According to the analytical results of Da-bu,Hanjae＇s tea has recognizably become the personally real practice of Confucianism and state.He had reached the enlightenment for the state of birth and death.After consuming tea,his body and mind immediately changed to the state of joys and wonderland,and also he illustrated that this feeling is not a one-off state,it always comes out whenever drinking.Therefore,based on Hanjae Lee mok,tea drinking is not only the regiment for healthy benefits,but also it is a training method,＂ Dado in My Heart＂,for individuals to train their mind,body,and morality.     

The effects of silage harvesting system and supplementation of silage-based diets by protein and methionine hydroxy analogue on the performance of lactating cows

Three silages were produced by harvesting grass using either a flail (F), double-chop (DC) or a precision-chop (PC) forage harvester. Each silage was ensiled unwilted and with formic acid additive applied at the mean rate of 2·2 1 t^-1 of grass. All three silages were well preserved and had mean particle lengths of 54, 49 and 26 mm and digestible organic ma er in dry ma er (DOMD) values of 0·67,0·66 and 0·66 for the F, DC and PC silages, respectively. The three silages were offered ad libitum to three groups each of 21 British Friesian cows, with a mean calving date of 29 January, from day 8 of lactation until 9 April. Within each silage group all cows were offered 4·1 kg dry ma er (DM) d^-1 of a control supplement divided equally in two feeds and given during milking. In addition, 24 kg DM d^-1 of the control supplement (C), a high protein supplement (HP) or a supplement containing methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) were given at midday. The mean crude protein contents of the total supplementary feeds given were 193 253.and 195gkg for the C, HP and MHA treatments, respectively. The treatment effects showed no significant interactions between silage harvesting system and type of supplement. Silage harvesting system influenced milk yield, with the mean yields over the final 21 days of the experiment being 26·1, 27·4 and 25·5 kg d^-1 for the F, DC and PC silages, respectively, and the difference between DC and PC achieved significance (P <0·05). However, the milk from cows given DC had a significantly lower concentration of fat (P <0·01) and silage harvesting system had no effect on the yield of fat or protein. The type of supplement had no significant effect on milk yield, with the mean yields over the final 21 days of the experiment being 264, 267 and 259 kg d^-1 for the C, HP and MHA supplements, respectively.     

The effects of degree of chopping grass for silage and method of concentrate allocation on the performance of dairy cows

Three silages were produced from the same swards by harvesting grass using either a double-chop harvester (DC) or a precision-chop harvester adjusted to produce a long staple length (PL) or a short staple length (PS). The mean particle lengths were 47, 52 and 14 mm respectively.
Of each material 250 t was ensiled unwilted and with formic acid additive at the mean rate of 2-4 litres t^-1 of grass. All three silages were well preserved and degree of chopping had no effect on fermentation as indicated by either pH, ammonia N or organic acid concentration.
The silages were offered ad libitum to seventy-two British Friesian cows with a mean calving date of 28 January which were in their second or later lactation, in a randomized-block experiment from day 8 of lactation until 12 April. In addition twelve animals on each silage received a uniform daily concentrate allowance of 7·2 kg while twelve were offered concentrates according to their individual milk yields but with a mean concentrate allowance over the twelve cows of 7·2 kg d^-1. Degree of chopping had no significant effect on either silage dry matter intake or milk yield with mean intakes during the final 21 d of the experimental period of 9·2, 9·2 and 9·2 kg d^-1 and mean milk yields of 25·2, 25·2 and 25·2 kg d^-1 for the DC, PL and PS silages respectively. Method of concentrate allocation did not affect either the total yield of milk during the experimental period, 1717 and 1697 kg, or the total lactation yield, 5635 and 5711 kg, for the uniform and yield-related allocation methods respectively. The butterfat and protein concentrations of the milk were not significantly affected by either the degree of silage chopping or the method of concentrate allocation.     

Effect of harvesting system on nutrient losses during silage making. 2. In-silo losses

Nutrient losses during the in-silo period were determined following the ensiling of grass using three differing harvesting systems. The treatments were either (a) harvesting herbage directly by means of a flail harvester (unwilted flail, UF) or (b) pre-mowing of herbage with a rotary drum mower and lifting using a precision chop forage harvester with wilting (WP) and without wilting (UP). Herbage was harvested and ensiled over the period 26–29 May 1982, and a good fermentation was achieved with all three silages. Losses of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) during the in-silo period were greatest with the UF system, intermediate with the UP system and lowest with the WP system. Gross energy losses followed the same trend with losses (as a percentage of ensiled levels) of 18·6, 9·8 and 4·4% for the UF, UP and WP systems, respectively. Gross energy loss as effluent accounted for 24% and 22% of total gross energy ensiled for the UF and UP treatments. Patterns of effluent flow differed between the two unwilted silages with a higher peak flow rate with the UF material. Total effluent production at 354 ml (kg DM ensiled)^-1 was greater for the UF material than for the UP material (288 ml (kg DM ensiled)^-1). Nutrient loss through surface waste was similar for all three silages whereas gross energy losses arising through residual respiration, fermentation and gaseous loss amounted to 149%, 6·7% and 31% of that ensiled for the UF, UP and WP silages, respectively. The results of this study, taken in conjunction with those of an earlier study where field losses were assessed, indicate that recovery of gross energy during silage making was very similar for the UP and WP systems and only marginally greater than that recovered with the UF system.     

The effect of harvesting system on nutrient losses during silage making. 1. Field losses

An experiment was carried out during 1982 in which the effects of three differing harvesting systems on the field losses occurring during the conservation of grass as silage were examined. The treatments were either (a) harvesting herbage directly by means of a flail harvester (unwilted flail, UF), or (b) pre-cu ing of herbage with a rotary drum mower and lifting using a precision-chop forage harvester with wilting (WP) and without wilting (UP). Herbage was harvested on 26 May, 21 July and 7 September 1982. The mean yields of herbage produced from plots harvested by the three systems were not significantly different, with dry ma er (DM) yields of 12470, 12300 and 12230 kg ha^-1 for the UF, UP and WP treatments respectively. However, field losses with the UP and WP treatments were greater than with the UF treatment (P<0·01). As a result the yields of herbage ensiled with the UP and WP treatments, 11690 and 11320 kg DM ha^-1 respectively, were significantly lower than with the UF treatment, 12710 kg DM ha^-1 (P <0·05). Wilting of first cut herbage for a period of 72 h resulted in a significant reduction (P<0·05) in digestible organic ma er (DOM) concentration (determined in vitro), whereas small increases in DOM concentration were observed following wilting of second and third harvest material.
It is concluded that, even under favourable weather conditions, both pre-cutting and wilting of herbage prior to harvesting can result in considerable losses of nutrients in the field.