The role of histamine and fish meal in the incidence of gizzard erosion and pro‐ventricular abnormalities in the fowl

1. The role of certain fish meals in the production of localised gizzard erosion is confirmed.

2. Lesions typical of gizzard erosion could be produced by the addition of histamine to the diet.

3. The amount of histamine occurring naturally in fish meal depends on the species of fish and the extent and nature of bacterial spoilage.

4. These variables may explain why histamine has not been implicated previously and also why there have not been consistent associations between the condition and geographical source or common factors in bulk consignments of the meal.     

Efficacy of two dichlorvos formulations against larval and adult Hyostrongylus rubidus in swine.

Coated (V-13) and uncoated (V-22) formulations of dichlorvos were used to treat experimentally established Hyostrongylus rubidus infections of pigs at intervals after exposure to infective larvae. Both dichlorvos formulations were efficacious against the adult stomach worm H rubidus, but showed little or no activity against 5- or 15-day-old worms. Neither formulation was as effective against H rubidus in sows as in barrows and gilts.     

Endotoxin from Fusobacterium necrophorum of bovine hepatic abscess origin.

The endotoxic activity of Fusobacterium necrophorum bov 5 was investigated. The supernatant (S) fluid and cell wall (CW) preparation, obtained after differential centrifugation of the ruptured cell mass, were lethal for mice. The toxicity of the S fluid was stable during prolonged storage, treatment with formalin, and heating for 15 minutes at 80, 100, and 121 C, but was destroyed by alkaline hydrolysis with 0.25 N NaOH. The toxic factor was found in a high molecular weight (MW) fraction after gel filtration. The properties exhibited by the toxic S fluid resembled those of endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Extracted and partially purified LPS (endotoxin) from F necrophorum bov 5 demonstrated a mouse median lethal dose (mouse LD50) of 16.8 mg/kg of body weight. The toxic LPS material, a high molecular weight moiety as estimated by gel filtration, was resistant to ribonuclease (RNase), deoxyribonuclease (DNase), and pronase treatment. A positive Shwartzman reaction (median skin lesion dose (SLD50) equal to 3.32 mug/kg of body weight) and biphasic fever response (minimal dose required to produce a fever index of 40 sq cm which falls on the linear portion of dose-response curve (FL40) equal to 0.41 mug/kg of body weight) further indicated the toxin was endotoxin in nature. The LPS from F necrophorum bov 5 was less toxic than Salmonella typhimurium LPS; but had considerable toxicity for experimental animals. The toxic activity of the partially purified F necrophorum bov 5 endotoxin was separated into 2 fraction regions by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose chromatography. The data provide evidence for the production of a potent endotoxin, possibly composed of more than one toxic component, which may be released upon cell disruption.     

Elimination of sulfamethazine from edible tissues, blood, urine, and feces of turkey poults.

Sulfamethazine was administered to 8- to 10-week-old turkey poults intravenously (IV) at the dose level of 71.5 mg/kg of body weight, orally at the dose level of 143 mg/kg of body weight, or in the drinking water at the concentration of 0.1% over a 6-day period. The concentrations of free sulfamethazine in blood, muscle, skin, kidney, and liver were determined and semilogarithmic plots of concentration vs time for the various tissues indicated that the curve had a linear portion within the first 72-hour period of drug withdrawal. The rates of disappearance of sulfamethazine from the various tissues were proportional to the concentration in the tissues. After 72 hours of withdrawal and for as long as 14 days, sulfamethazine concentrations in kidney, liver, and skin of turkeys given the drug in the drinking water fluctuated between 0.1 and 0.4 ppm. Only 8.6% of the oral dose (143 mg/kg) and 16.5 to 17% of the IV dose (71.5 mg/kg) were recovered in urine and feces as the parent compound during the initial 72-hour period.     

Studies on effects of certain quinones: III. Photosynthetic 14CO2 incorporation by Rhodospirillum rubrum

Substituted naphthoquinones, 2,3,-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone, and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone produced marked changes in the pattern of ¹⁴C-distribution during ¹⁴CO₂-fixation by photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. The most obvious change in the labeling pattern during photoautotrophic ¹⁴CO₂-fixation was a several-fold increase in 3-phosphoglyceric acid accompanied with a decrease in the amount of glutamate. In photoheterotrophic cells, quinones caused an appreciable increase in ¹⁴C-glycolic acid and concomitant decrease, although not proportional, in the amount of ¹⁴C-sugar phosphate. The level of ¹⁴C-incorporated in poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and ether-extractable lipids was considerably decreased in photoautotrophic and photoheterotrophic cells treated with quinones. The ability of quinones to interfere with the synthesis of NADH and ATP, and their ability to interact with sulfhydryl enzymes and coenzymes appears to be responsible for the changes observed.     

Effect of 2,4,5-T and picloram on the regeneration of blackberry (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell) from root segments

The formation of roots and shoots on root segments of Rubus procerus P.J. Muell was prevented by soaking the segments for 24 h in a 10^?4M solution of 2,4,5-T or a 10^?5M solution of picloram. Shoot numbers were significantly increased after treatment with 10^?9M and 10^?10M 2,4,5-T, but picloram did not cause a significant increase in shoot numbers. Measurement of the concentration of 2,4,5-T in the extracambial tissue showed that roots treated with 10^?4M 2,4,5-T contained 5× 10^?8 mmole 2,4,5-T per mg dry weight, and by extrapolation, roots treated with 10^?9M 2,4,5-T contained 2× 10^?10 mmole/mg dry weight. Action du 2,4,5-T et du piclorame sur la régénération de la ronce (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell) è partir de fragments de racines La formation de racines et de tiges è partir de fragments de racines dc Ruhus procerus P.J. Muell a été supprimée par trempage des fragmenls pendant 24 heures dans une solution a 10^?4M et de 2.4,5-T, ou dans une solution 10^?5M de piclorame. Le nombre de pousses s'est accru significativement après traitement avec le 2,4,5.-T è 10^?9M et 10^?10M, mais le piclorame n'a pas provoqué d'accroissemcnt significatif du nombre de pousses. La mesure de la concentration de 2,4,5-T dans le tissu extra-cambial a montré que les racines trailées avec du 2,4,5-T è 10^?4M contenaient 5×10^?8 mmole de 2.4,5-T par mg de poids sec et par extrapolation, quc les racines traitées avec du 2,4,5-T k 10^?9M devaient contenir 2 × 10^?12 mmole/mg de poids sec. Die Wirkiing von 2,4,5-T und Picloram auf den Wuchs der Wurzehegmenten von Bromheeren (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell). Die Bildung von Wurzeln und Sprossen aus Wurzelsegmen-ten von Ruhu.i procerus P.J. Muell wurde durch 24-stündiges Einlegen der Wurzelstücke in 10^?4M 2,4,5-T bzw 10^?5M Picloram verhindert. Die Anzahl neugebiideter Sprosse wurde nach Einlegen in 10^?9M und 10^?10M 2,4,5-T, nicht jedoch durch Picloram, signifikant erhöht. Im extracambialen Gewebe von Wurzeln, die mit 10^?4M 2,4,5-T behand-elt worden waren, wurden 5×10^?8mMol 2,4,5-T je mg Trockengewiclu bestimmt. Durch Extrapolation wurde ermittclt. dass mit 10^?9M 2,4,5-T behandelte Wurzeln 2× 10^?12mMol/mg Trockengewicht cnthielten.     

Alfalfa metabolism of propham

Root-treated alfalfa absorbs, translocates, and metabolizes [phenyl-¹⁴C]isopropyl carbanilate ([¹⁴C]propham). After 7 days of root treatment, the distribution of radiolabel was 73% for shoots and 27% for roots. Shoots and roots were extracted and separated into the polar, nonpolar, and solid residual components using a mixture of chloroform, methanol and water. The insoluble residues accounted for approximately 40% of the ¹⁴C found in shoots and roots. The nonpolar fraction (6.1% of the radiolabel in shoots and roots) was not characterized, but was shown to be some component other than parent propham. Propham was not found in either shoots or roots. The polar metabolites were partly purified on Amberlite XAD-2. Cellulase-liberated aglycones were derivatized and separated by high-performance liquid and gas-liquid chromatography. The infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral data showed that the polar metabolites of alfalfa shoots and roots were glycoside conjugates of isopropyl 2-hydroxycarbanilate (2-hydroxypropham) and isopropyl 4-hydroxycarbanilate (4-hydroxypropham). Conjugated 4-hydroxypropham accounted for 45.9% of the ¹⁴C in the shoots and 3.4% of the ¹⁴C in the roots. Conjugated 2-hydroxypropham accounted for 3.4% of the ¹⁴C in the shoots and 1.4% of the ¹⁴C in the roots.     

Regeneration of blackberry (Rubus procerus P. J. Muell.) from root segments

Temperatures from 13°C to 30°C had no significant effect on the formation of shoots on root segments of Rubus procerus P. J. Muell. Shoots were not produced at 8°C. Some new roots were produced on root segments at all temperatures between 8°C and 30°C, although significantly more (P= 0·05) roots were produced at 26°C. The polarity of the root system was maintained in root segments. More shoots were formed towards the basal end, i.e. nearest the crown, and more roots towards the apical end of the root segments.     

Detection and characterization of phytoplasmas in diseased stone fruits and pear by PCR-RFLP analysis in Turkey

During the late summer-early autumn of 2002, surveys were carried out in Turkey to determine the presence of phytoplasma diseases in fruit trees. Phytoplasmas were detected and characterized by PCR-RFLP analysis and TEM technique in stone fruit and pear trees in the eastern Mediterranean region of the country. Six out of 24 samples, including almond, apricot, peach, pear and plum, gave positive results in PCR assays. RFLP analysis usingSspI andBsaAI enzymes of PCR products obtained with primer pair f01/r01 enabled identification of the phytoplasmas involved in the diseases. Stone fruit trees, including a local apricot variety (‘Sakıt’) and a pear sample, were found to be infected with European stone fruit yellows (ESFY, 16SrX-B) and pear decline (PD, 16SrX-C) phytoplasmas, respectively. This is the first report in Turkey of PD phytoplasma infecting pear and of ESFY phytoplasma infecting almond, apricot, myrobalan plum and peach; ESFY phytoplasma infecting Japanese plum was previously reported. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 21, 2005.     

A grower-friendly method to transfer predacious mites to commercial orchards

The establishment of predacious mites in commercial orchards may be accelerated by the transfer of pruned wood in winter and summer from donor orchards to release orchards. Following winter pruning, 3-year-old and older wood is collected and transported as soon as possible in bundles to a release orchard for distribution. If the release orchard is composed of dwarf trees, then one or two bundles of 5 kg each are placed vertically at the base of the trunk of every tree in the block (0.5 to 1 ha); if the trees are of standard size, then four or five bundles used. Following summer pruning, annual shoots and suckers are distributed immediately in a release orchard composed of dwarf trees by placing 12–15 branches on the foliage of fruit-bearing branches; if the release orchard is composed of standard trees, then 50 branches are used. The pruned wood should have 20–25 leaves and not less than one predator per leaf. The release orchard should have a light infestation (two or three mites per leaf) of pest tetranychids. These phytophagous mites would serve as food and help establish the predators. The release orchard grower should develop a pest management program based on the same groups of pesticides used in the donor orchard. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 31, 2005.