Utilizing the accuracy of estimated breeding values to improve selection response

SUMMARY: Stochastic simulation was used to evaluate the increase in selection response by incorporating accuracies of estimated breeding values (ebvs) in an index to form indexed breeding values (ibvs). Simulations were made using a standard population with a selected proportion of 5%, with 10 000 selection candidates and an average accuracy of breeding value determination, r? = 0.4 with variance, σ(r) (2) = 0.075(2) . In the standard population, candidates selected on ibvs showed an 8.4 % increase in average true breeding values (tbvs) compared to selection using ebvs. Using the same standard population, but changing the proportion selected to 1.0 % and 10 %, the relative increase in the average tbvs from ibv selection was 13.5 % and 5.5 % respectively. Similarly, changing r? to 0.22, 0.32 and 0.55, the relative increase from ibv selection was 48 %, 19 % and 1.3 % respectively. As σ(r) was changed to 0.025 and 0.125, the relative increase from ibv selection was 0.6 % and 24 % respectively. In general, the average accuracy in candidates chosen for selection using ibvs was lower than that from selection using ebvs. In the standard population the accuracy was 0.38 from ibv selection and 0.43 from ebv selection. As a result the increase in inbreeding will be lower with ibv than with ebv selection. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Verwendung von Genauigkeiten gesch?tzter Zuchtwerte zur Verbesserung des Selektionserfolges Durch stochastische Simulation wurde Steigerung des Selektionserfolges durch Einschlu? von Genauigkeiten gesch?tzter Zuchtwerte (ebvs) in einen Index indizierter Zuchtwerte (ibvs) untersucht. Simulationen wurden mit einer Standardpopulation 5% selektierter von 10 000 Kandidaten und einer durchschnittlichen Genauigkeit der Zuchtwertsch?tzung r = 0.4; σ(r) (2) = 0.075(2) durchgeführt. In der Standardpopulation hatten Kandidaten, mit ibvs selektiert, eine Steigerung des durchschnittlichen wahren Zuchtwertes (tbvs) von 8.4 % verglichen mit Selektion auf ebvs-Basis. Bei Verwendung derselben Standardpopulation, aber Remontierung von 1 % bzw. 10 %, war der relative Zuwachs im durchschnittlichen tbvs bei ibvs-Selektion 13.5 und 5.5%. Die relative Zunahme von der ibvs-Selektion, mit r von 0.22, 0.32 oder 0.55, war 48 %, 19 % und 1.3 %. Bei Ver?nderungen von σ(r) auf 0.25 und 0.125 betrug die relative Zunahme 0.6 und 24 %. Im allgemeinen waren die durchschnittlichen Genauigkeiten bei Selektionskandidaten auf der Basis von ibvs geringer als bei Verwendung von ebvs. In der Standardpopulation waren diese Genauigkeiten 0.38 bei ibvs und 0.43 bei ebvs. Daher sollte die Zunahme der Inzucht mit ibvs geringer sein als mit ebvs.     

Epidemiology of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beet at different initial inoculum levels in the presence or absence of irrigation

A field experiment was set up in 1988 to study the development of rhizomania disease of sugar beet at different inoculum levels of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in soil. Five, tenfold different, inoculum levels were created by addition of the approximate amounts of 0, 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 kg infested soil per ha (the latter corresponding to 0.01% v/v calculated to the tillage layer). A drip irrigation treatment was applied to study the influence of soil moisture on disease. Susceptible sugar beet, cv. Regina, was grown for three consecutive years.In the first year, root symptoms were not observed, but BNYVV-infected plants were detected by ELISA in low numbers at all inoculum levels at harvest. After late drilling in 1989, high numbers of infected plants, up to 90–100% in plots with the highest inoculum level, were detected already in June. Root symptoms were also observed from June onwards. In both these years disease incidence increased in time and was significantly influenced by the initial inoculum level. In the third year, the whole field was heavily diseased, and only for the non-irrigated plots incidence differed for different initial inoculum levels. The expression of symptoms by BNYVV-infected plants was influenced by initial inoculum level, thus by the amount and timing of primary infection.Root weight at harvest was not affected, but sugar content decreased with increasing inoculum level already in 1988, leading to a reduction in sugar yield of 10% at the highest inoculum level. In 1989, both root weight and sugar content decreased progressively with increasing inoculum level, resulting in sugar yield reductions of 11–66% (down to approximately 3000 kg ha^–1) for low to high inoculum levels compared to the control. As the control plots became contaminated, all yields were low in 1990, still showing a decrease with increasing inoculum level in the non-irrigated plots, but an overall mean sugar yield of 3323 kg ha^–1 for the irrigated ones.Sodium and -amino nitrogen content of the root, additional quality parameters determining extractability of sucrose, showed an increase and decrease, respectively, with increasing initial inoculum level already in the first year. The relative differences in contents compared to those from the control were largest for Na content. A significant negative correlation was found between Na (mmol kg^–1 root) and sugar content (% of fresh weight); linear for 1988, exponential for 1989 and 1990.In spring 1989, the infestation of individual plots was assessed using a quantitative bioassay estimating most probable numbers (MPNs) of infective units of BNYVV per 100 g dry soil. The relationship between the MPns determined and root weight, sugar content and sugar yield at harvest could be described by Gompertz curves. The increase in disease incidence with increasing MPN in 1989 was adequately fitted with a logistic equation.     

Effects of timing and size of daylength change on brown egg laying domestic hens: Plasma luteinising hormone concentration and sexual maturity

1. Brown egg laying pullets were transferred from an 8‐h photoperiod to an 8‐, 10‐, 13‐ or 16‐h photoperiod at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 or 20–3 weeks of age. Plasma luteinising hormone (LH) concentrations were measured at transfer and 7 and 14 d afterwards.

2. Significant increases in plasma LH occurred following light stimulations at 6, 9 and 12 weeks of age.

3. Changes in LH concentration 7 d after a light increase from 8 h to 8, 10, 13, 16 h were highly correlated with photoperiod length at 9 and 12 weeks of age.

4. Changes in LH were generally poorly correlated with age at sexual maturity, although the reduced influence on age at first egg of a light increase given close to sexual maturity was reflected in minimal LH responses at 18 and 20.3 weeks.     

Pathogenic mechanisms of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus

Goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) show chronic arthritis and cachexia, which are progressive in nature. The immunopathogenic mechanisms responsible for these progressive clinical symptoms have not been fully elucidated. Various haematological and immunological parameters were evaluated in experimentally-infected goats showing typical signs of CAEV-induced disease. Infected goats showed recurrent lymphocytosis that may be due to constant presentation of antigen by infected cells of a monocyte/macrophage lineage. The serum alkaline phosphatase and -glutamyl transferase concentrations were elevated in infected goats, a characteristic of hepatic and bone disorders. All other serum chemistry parameters were similar between infected and control goats. Importantly, the serum tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-) levels were higher in infected goats. The cachexia seen in infected goats may be at least partly due to altered metabolism as a result of prolonged elevation of serum TNF- levels. Depressed natural killer cell activity was observed in infected goats and may contribute towards the establishment of a persistent infection with CAEV.Abbreviations AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - CAEV caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus - GGT -glutamyl transferase - HBSS Hanks' balanced salt solution - HIV human immunodeficiency virus - NK natural killer - PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells - PCR polymerase chain reaction - SAP serum alkaline phosphatase - TNF tumour necrosis factor     

Regulation of early flowering in Pinus banksiana

Seedlings of three families of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were subjected to 16 combinations of photoperiod, growth environment (outdoors, greenhouse and biotron) and gibberellin (GA(4/7)) treatment. After 14 months, which included two dormancy induction periods, ovulate flowering was observed. There was a strong positive correlation between flowering and seedling height; female flower production was stimulated by both a declining photoperiod during bud development and GA(4/7) treatment; and there was an interaction between GA(4/7) treatment and family, such that the difference in flowering intensity between a late-flowering and an early-flowering family was eliminated by GA(4/7) treatment. The results suggest that the genetic control over the time of onset of flowering, and GA(4/7)-induction of flowering depend on a common mechanism.