Sap flow of irrigated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus alba</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">pyramidalis</Emphasis> and its relationship with environmental factors and leaf area index in an arid region of Northwest China

Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis Bge. (Populus) is a main tree of the farmland shelter-belt system in the arid region of Northwest China. However, soil moisture cannot satisfy the water requirements of normal Populus growth under local natural conditions, thus studying the transpiration characteristics of irrigated Populus and its relationship with the environmental factors and growth parameters is very important to the growth of the trees in this region. In this study, the sap flow of two irrigated Populus trees was measured during May to September from 2005 to 2008 using the heat-pulse technique. The results show that the maximum and minimum daily sap fluxes in Populus were 15.7–24.0 and 3.0–4.0 L day⁻¹, respectively. And the sum of sap fluxes from June to August accounted for approximately 63–69% of the total sap flux during May to September (almost the whole growing season). The order of the meteorological factors affecting the daily sap flux of Populus was: vapor pressure deficit > solar radiation > mean air temperature > wind speed. Furthermore, a highly linear relationship between the ratio of daily sap flux to the reference evapotranspiration (SF/ET₀) and the amount of soil water in the 0–2.0 m layer was found, indicating that the amount of soil water at this layer was quite important to the growth of Populus in this region. Especially, the amount of soil water in the 0.5–1.0 m soil layer contributed to most of the plant transpiration as the highest coefficient of determination at this layer. Based on the environmental factors and leaf area index influencing sap flux, an empirical transpiration model was constructed to estimate daily transpiration.     

调亏灌溉对温室梨枣树水分利用效率与枣品质的影响

以日光温室生长条件下的6年生矮化密植成龄梨枣树为试材，试验设置试验期间充分供水处理，即对照(T1)，开花—座果期轻度调亏处理(T2)，果实膨大期中度调亏处理(T3)和果实成熟期重度调亏处理(T4)，研究调亏灌溉对梨枣树水分利用效率与枣品质的影响。结果表明：温室内外的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET₀)变化趋势相同，温室内的ET₀值高于外部，二者呈极显著的线性关系，R²值达到0.9501；不同调亏处理均降低了相应调亏时期的土壤水分消耗速率，同时也降低了梨枣树的叶片蒸腾速率和光合速率，开花—座果期和果实成熟期调亏处理提高了叶片水分利用效率，而果实膨大期调亏处理降低了梨枣树的叶片水分利用效率；各调亏处理并未对枣品质的所有指标起到提高和改善作用，成熟期未灌水处理在对平均单果重、枣Vc含量和可溶性蛋白含量产生负面影响很小的情况下，提高了枣的有机酸含量和可溶性固形物含量，总体上改善了枣的品质；综合考虑不同调亏处理对梨枣树各项指标的影响，果实成熟期重度调亏处理在减产不显著条件下，改善了枣的品质，明显提高了水分利用效率，是实施调亏灌溉的最佳阶段。     

ZZWW型四倍体雌蚕减数分裂中的性染色体行为

用过冷却方法处理得到的ZZWW型四倍体雌蚕与ZZ型二倍体交配 ,根据亲、子代个体蚕的标记性状表现及性染色体数观察 ,探讨在减数分裂中ZZWW雌蚕的性染色体的联会、分配的行为方式和概率大小 ,推测ZZWW型四倍体雌蚕在减数分裂中的性染色体联会、分离的可能方式。拟为多倍体诱发机理的解析、交配后代表现的预测提供理论依据和为多倍体研究实用化开发提供有效途径。     

高静压加工对黄桃罐头品质的影响（英）

为拓展非热加工技术在水果罐头加工中应用,以黄桃罐头为试材,研究了高静压加工对黄桃罐头品质的影响。分析了黄桃罐头果肉或汤汁的质地、显微结构、色泽、pH值、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物在加工前后变化,并与传统热加工产品进行比较。结果表明：高静压加工（600 MPa, >5 min）能有效地保持产品质地、显微结构、色泽、pH值、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物,而热加工（90±2°C, 20 min）导致果肉质地软化、显微结构破坏及可溶性固形物增加,严重影响产品品质。同时感官分析表明,与对照相比,高静压加工黄桃罐头除新鲜度及滋味稍差外,其他方面均无明显差别,而热处理黄桃罐头除保持较好色泽与香气外,其他方面均产生劣质的影响。所得研究结果将为高静压技术在水果罐头中工业化应用提供理论依据。     

Response of root morphology and distribution in maize to alternate furrow irrigation

After measuring root morphological indices, such as the length, diameter, volume density, surface area and tip number of both living and dead roots on the ridge and slope under alternate furrow irrigation (AFI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI, control treatment) using Minirhizotrons, the responses of root morphology and distribution in maize to AFI were analyzed. Results show that root morphological indices of living or dead roots were lower on the ridge than on the slope under AFI, whereas root morphological indices of living or dead roots were higher on the ridge than on the slope under CFI. Compared to CFI, AFI significantly increased root tip number and surface area of fine roots (with the diameter of ≤2.5 × 10⁻¹ mm) and promoted roots to deeper soil on the slope, and then simulated root water uptake. AFI only decreased the grain yield by 0.9%, but increased water use efficiency on seed yield by 8.3%. Thus AFI promoted root growth and metabolism on the slope, increased the effective absorption area of root system and improved water use efficiency without significant reduction of grain yield.     

Relationship between environmental factor and maximum daily stem shrinkage in apple tree in arid region of northwest China

After measuring maximum daily stem shrinkage (MDS) of irrigated apple tree using dendrometer during the year 2007–2010 in arid region of northwest China, we analyzed the respective relationships between MDS and single plant physiological index and environmental factors to investigate whether MDS can indicate the water status of apple tree and to establish empirical multiple regression equation among MDS and environmental factors. Results show that MDS increased at the beginning and then decreased gradually during whole growing stage. The close relationships between MDS and stem water potential, predawn water potential, stomatal conductance were found, showing that MDS can indicate the water status of mature apple tree. The relationships between MDS and single meteorological variable were significant at the other growth stages except at the bud development and flowering stage, because the canopy structure was not developed, and the order of determination coefficient (r²) over the whole growing stage was maximum vapour pressure deficit > maximum air temperature > net radiation. There were also significant correlations between MDS and soil volumetric water content and reference crop evapotranspiration over the whole growing stage. However, the determination coefficient among MDS and meteorological variables and soil volumetric water content at 0–120 cm depth was higher than those between MDS and single variable. Thus the multiple regression equation among MDS and meteorological variables and soil volumetric water content at 0–120 cm depth can be used to estimate MDS under fully irrigated apple orchard.     

驴血液乳酸含量的测定

用对羟基联苯比色法测得驴血乳酸含量为１．８５±０．５５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ其中：公、骟驴为１．８６±０．５４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，母驴（包括孕驴）为１．８５±０．５７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；０．５～２岁驴为１．７０±０．５６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２岁以上者为１．９０±０．６４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，不同性别、年龄之间无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）     

鸵鸟鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的分离与鉴定

湘南某鸵鸟场共饲养450多只非洲鸵鸟，自1999年8月开始，部分鸵鸟表现排便不畅、肠炎、肝炎等多种临床症状，从送检的两只病死鸵鸟中分离到01，02两株细菌，经鉴定均为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌，其抗原模式亩4，5，12：i:1,2。在血琼脂平板上可形成溶血环，对多种抗生素具抗药性，经选取敏感药物控制了病情。     

甘蔗与蔗茅杂交双亲染色体在F_1及F_2子代中的传递

甘蔗与蔗茅杂交的后代材料抗旱、耐寒,在甘蔗抗逆育种中具有较好的应用前景,为将其有效应用于甘蔗新品种的选育及品种改良,特对甘蔗与蔗茅杂交各世代的染色体传递方式进行研究。采用去壁低渗法对F1、F2杂种及其亲本材料的根尖体细胞染色体进行研究。结果表明:各后代材料的体细胞染色体数目均不恒定,F1材料的染色体变幅为10~11条,F2材料的变幅为6~14条;双亲染色体在F1代材料中的传递方式为"2n+n",而在F2中既以"n+n"又以"2n+n"的方式进行传递。本研究结果可为诸类材料在甘蔗育种中的进一步利用提供细胞学依据。     

生物炭与氮肥减量配施对土壤养分含量及烟叶产质量的影响

为豫中烟叶生产中合理施用生物炭,减少化肥用量提供科学依据。通过大田试验,以常规施用氮肥为对照(CK),研究了生物炭+100%常规施氮肥(B)、生物炭+85%常规施氮肥(BN1)以及生物炭+70%常规施氮肥(BN2)对土壤养分含量、烟叶化学成分及经济性状的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,生物炭与氮肥配施显著提高了土壤有机碳和溶解性有机碳含量,同时也提高了土壤全氮、硝态氮和速效钾的含量。其中有机碳和溶解性有机碳含量以BN2含量最高,分别比对照增加了31.90%和39.84%。土壤全氮、硝态氮和速效钾的含量以B处理最高,分别比对照增加了15.28%、56.40%和22.24%,且在相同生物炭用量下随着氮肥用量的减少而降低。生物炭与氮肥配施显著提高了土壤微生物碳氮的含量,与对照相比,提高幅度分别为38.76%～55.34%和78.92%～158.58%。生物炭施用条件下降低氮肥用量可以显著提高烤后烟叶总糖、还原糖含量,降低总氮和烟碱含量,改善两糖比和钾氯比,有利于提升烟叶化学成分协调性。此外,生物炭施用条件下减少15%氮肥对烤烟经济性状影响不大,但是减少30%氮肥后产量和产值则显著低于对照。因此,...