Soil nutrient changes due to land use changes in Northern China: a case study in Zunhua County, Hebei Province

Abstract. Since the 1980s, land use in rural areas of China has changed greatly as the result of political initiatives. These changes have caused soil nutrient changes which are examined in this paper for Zunhua County, northern China from 1980 to 1999. The areas of farmland, grassland, and paddy decreased greatly and were replaced by increases in forest and residential land. The soils under forest in 1999 transformed from farmland in 1980 increased in organic matter by 21%, total nitrogen by 18%, available nitrogen by 65%, available phosphorus by 17% and available potassium by 17%. Similarly, in the area which was converted from farmland in 1980 to grassland in 1999, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium increased by 38%, 37%, 71%, 2% and 28%, respectively. Changes from farmland to forest and grassland not only changed land cover but also improved soil fertility and probably reduced soil nutrient losses.     

关中平原黑惠灌区土壤重金属污染调查与评价

通过对黑惠灌区猕猴桃生产基地土壤样品的采集、监测,依据国家《土壤环境质量标准》GB15618-1995二级标准作为评价标准,重点分析评价了对人体危害较大的重金属元素镉(Cd)、砷(As)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)等项目。分析评价结果表明:黑惠灌区猕猴桃生产基地土壤基本无重金属污染,适宜于猕猴桃的种植。HS07 a、b,HS08 a、b两处土壤样品镉(Cd)超标属轻度污染,主要是人为长期不合理使用化肥农药所致。     

强度侵蚀红壤区不同治理措施对土壤理化性质的影响

为了探讨生态治理措施对强度侵蚀红壤区土壤质量的影响,2005年对治理区4种不同治理措施下土壤理化性状进行比较研究。结果表明:强度侵蚀红壤区经过5年治理后,土壤的理化性质有了明显的改善。封禁措施改善土壤的物理性状最明显,生态果园措施次之,种植胡枝子最差。全面播种百喜草和封育措施能显著改善土壤的化学性状,生态果园措施略差,种植胡枝子改善作用并不明显。同时,这些措施的效果离原始林区的土壤质量还有很大差距。     

等高植物篱种植模式及其应用中存在的问题

等高植物篱技术是一种坡耕地上低投入、高收益的保护性耕作和持续利用技术。坡耕地采用植物篱种植模式进行水土保持和生态环境治理,能达到明显的保水保土效果,同时能产生显著的经济效益和社会效益。但其推广应用效果不理想,这是因为实施前期收益不明显,作物产量提高滞后,农户管理水平低等因素阻碍了这项水土保持措施的实施。因此,要实施该项技术,应筛选经济价值高的植物篱品种,科学规划篱笆带间距和种植密度,立足山区实际开展技术培训,多渠道筹措资金等。     

Influence of management practices on soil organic matter changes in the Northern China plain and Northeastern China

Soil organic matter (SOM) is strongly related to soil type and management practices. Changes in government policy have brought drastic changes in farm management practices in the last two decades in rural China. This study investigates changes in SOM in two different soils: Ustepts and Udolls. Ustepts, in the North China Plain where the climate is warm and sub-humid, developed from an alluvial flood plain with organic matter <10 g kg⁻¹. Udolls, in Northeastern China where the climate is cool and sub-humid, developed from loess-like materials with organic matter >20 g kg⁻¹. Two locations for Ustepts and three locations for Udolls were used to collect 567 soil samples in 1980–1982 and again in 2000 for SOM analysis. Soil organic matter increased for Ustepts and decreased for Udolls soils over the sampling period, resulting from differences in fertilizer rates and crop residue input to soil. Higher fertilizer input and crop intensity and initially very low SOM content in Ustepts all contributed to greater OM input than oxidation release. In contrast, lower fertilizer input and crop intensity, and initially high SOM content in the Udolls, led to lower OM input than oxidation release. Increasing SOM content through higher mineral fertilizer input is a valuable option for sustainable agriculture production in areas where SOM is low and there is a shortage or potential shortage of food supply.     

Genotypic variation in grain cadmium concentration of lowland rice

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of paddy rice soils is commonly observed in the Yangtse River Delta, China. Large Cd uptake by rice plants and its translocation into the grains can entail human‐health risks. Genotypic variations in Cd uptake and a differential Cd partitioning into grains will be the basis for developing a rice screening or breeding tool for low grain Cd. A field experiment, conducted at the experimental farm of Jiaxing, Zhejiang province from 2002 to 2004, compared 38 rice genotypes of different types (indica vs. japonica) collected from the Yangtse River Delta. The results showed large differences in Cd concentrations in straw, brown rice, and grain chaff among the rice genotypes grown on Cd‐contaminated soil. Concentrations in brown rice ranged from 0.06 to 0.99 mg Cd kg^–1. The total Cd uptake in brown rice varied between 0.96 and 28.58 μg plant ^{– 1}. In general, indica‐type cultivars accumulated significantly more Cd than the japonica‐type cultivars. The Cd concentration in straw was highly correlated with that in brown rice. While significant differences in the Cd‐partitioning ratio (% share of total Cd uptake found in brown rice) among rice genotypes were observed, these were not correlated with Cd concentration of brown rice. This indicates that the Cd accumulation in rice grains appears to be governed mainly by the Cd uptake by the plant and probably not by differential Cd partitioning. The large genotypic variation suggests the possibility to lower the Cd content of rice by genotype selection. The development of such breeding tools should focus on low Cd uptake rather than Cd partitioning between straw and grain.     

农田休闲期垄作地形对近地表风场的影响

垄作是旱作农田常用的保护性耕作技术,而其防风抗蚀的机制尚需研究。通过野外试验,对垄脊高25cm,垄沟宽1.5m的垄作田上风向、垄间及下风向地带0～4m的风流场进行了同步观测,对不同观测位置的时均风速、空气动力学粗糙度、摩阻速度和风速脉动进行了对比分析。结果表明,土垄间和下风向近地表0～1m内时均风速比上风向平坦地表明显降低,其中高0.3m处降低幅度最大。水平方向上风速降低幅度、空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻速度均随观测点与垄作地表距离的增大而减小。受风速递增的影响,风速的绝对脉动强度随高度呈对数关系递增。风速的相对脉动强度在0～1m内随高度增大而降低,1m以上基本无变化。高0.05m处风速的相对脉动强度在水平方向上随与垄作田距离的减小而增大,其中垄间最大,时均风速相同时对地面剪切力最大。     

论北京市耕地后备资源的开发可行性

在对北京市后备资源开发可行性标准进行探讨的基础上,分析了北京市后备资源的开发可行性。研究结果表明北京市后备资源开发面临着的资源质量、生态环境和经济可行性的三重制约。通过土地开发来实现北京市占补平衡不是明智之举。需要改变占补平衡“重开发、轻整理”的现状,使耕地保护的重心从以土地开发为主向以改造中低产田和高标准粮田建设为主要内容的土地整理转变。     

FAO可持续土地资源管理综合规划指南及启示

土地资源可持续利用是基于可持续发展的核心内容——资源的可持续利用而形成的，指对人类生存所依赖的物质资源，在追求经济效益最大的同时，维持和改善土地资源的生产条件和环境基础。在当前社会主义市场经济体制下,可持续土地资源管理的任务主要依靠政府严格的土地利用规划事先调节和控制，引导、限制或鼓励人们的土地利用行为，保证土地资源的合理配置和可持续利用。该文试图在分析FAO的土地规划的概念、内容、体系、成功的关键因素、及编制的步骤和方法基础上，展开探讨并对完善我国土地利用规划提出了借鉴意义。     

Inhibition of lipid oxidation in pork bundles processing by superheated steam frying

The effect of superheated steam treatment on the oxidative stability of lipids in packaged Zousoon (pork bundles) was investigated. The aroma quality of Zousoon samples was evaluated by sensory analysis and chromatographic analysis of volatiles. Results of this study indicated that oxidation of lipids occurred in pan-fried Zousoon after prolonged storage. Significant amounts of highly volatile compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and hexanal in Zousoon were identified by a modified method of cysteamine derivatization followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Superheated steam was found to be effective in suppressing lipid oxidation in canned Zousoon as compared with Zousoon fried by the conventional method in a frying pan. The superheated steam-fried samples had relatively low thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and peroxide (POV) values before and after storage, whereas samples prepared by pan frying had relatively high TBARS and POV values before and after storage. Superheated steam-fried Zousoon had superior lipid stability to that prepared by the conventional pan-frying method.