黍族植物的叶片扩张和蒸腾作用对土壤水分亏缺的响应特征

Plant processes, such as leaf expansion, stomatal conductance and transpiration, are affected by soil water, particularly in water-stressed environments. Quantifying the effects of soil water on plant processes, especially leaf expansion and transpiration, could be useful for crop modeling. In order to quantify the leaf expansion and transpiration in response to soil water deficit in three millet species, common (Panicum miliaceum L.), pearl (Pennisetum glaucum L.) and foxtail (Setaria italica L.) millets, a pot experiment was performed at the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. The soil water status was characterized by the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Leaf area and transpiration were measured daily. Relative leaf area expansion (RL) and relative transpiration (RT) data were plotted against FTSW. Finally the FTSW thresholds for RL and RT were calculated using linear-plateau and logistic models. The results showed that the thresholds for RL and RT were 0.68 and 0.62, respectively, based on all measured data of the three millet species using the linear-plateau model, indicating that RL and RT were constant when FTSW decreased from 1 to the threshold point. Thereafter, until FTSW = 0, RL and RT declined linearly with a slope of 1.48 and 1.43, respectively. Although millet is cultivated as a resistant crop in arid, semiarid and marginal lands, it showed an early response to soil water deficit at high FTSW thresholds. As leaf expansion and transpiration can be considered morphological and physiological variables, respectively, the results in this study indicate that millet has strong morphological flexibility when faced with soil water deficit.     

西藏核桃休眠及萌芽特性研究

利用浓硫酸浸泡处理西藏核桃种子,通过种子吸水率、不同层积方法和内源抑制物对小白菜萌发影响试验等方面来研究西藏核桃的休眠及萌芽特性.结果表明:用浓硫酸处理种吸水率大于对照,种壳并不是引起休眠的主要原因,外壳、内种皮、种仁可能均含有抑制种子发芽物质.用浓硫酸浸泡90 min,变温层积萌动时间早,且萌动率高;低温层积160 d,再在22℃恒温条件下发芽率高,为68%.     

Alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen and properties that dictate its distribution in paddy soil profiles

Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient for rice production, and its bioavailability in paddy soils is strongly coupled to soil organic matter (SOM) cycling. A better understanding of potentially available N forms in soil, such as alkaline hydrolyzable N (AH-N), and their depth distribution will support the development of best management practices to improve the N use efficiency of rice while minimizing adverse environmental effects. Fifteen rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields from Southern Brazil were selected, and stratified soil samples were taken to a depth of 60 cm before crop establishment. Selected soil physical and chemical properties were analyzed to evaluate their relationships with AH-N contents in the soil profile. The AH-N contents below 20 cm varied extensively (increased, reduced, or constant) compared with that above 20 cm. Although clay and clay + silt contents were highly correlated to AH-N for some soils, the major property dictating AH-N distribution by depth was total N (TN), as the correlation between TN and AH-N was mainly by direct effect. The proportion of TN recovered as AH-N across sites and depths presented high amplitude, and thus AH-N was not a constant N pool across depths, indicating that AH-N can be affected by soil management practices even when TN showed no major changes. The distinct distribution of AH-N across soil sampling sites and depths indicates that depths greater than 20 cm should be considered when calibrating the AH-N index for N fertilizer recommendations for flooded rice in Southern Brazil.     

日本大耳白兔、新西兰兔血液蛋白多态性的研究

采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对日本大耳白兔、新西兰兔血液中的血清转铁蛋白 (Tf)、前转铁蛋白 (Prt)、后白蛋白 (Po)、血液结合素 (Hp)、红细胞酯酶 (ES - 1、ES - 2和ES - 3)等 7个蛋白座位进行测定。结果表明 :这 7个座位均呈多态。在多态座位中 ,Tf、Prt、Po、Hp、ES - 1、ES - 2、ES - 3分别出现 3、3、6、3、3和 3种表型 ,受 2、2、3、2、2和 2个共显性等位基因控制。X2 检验表明 ,新西兰兔在这 7个座位上均处于平衡状态 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,日本大耳白兔在Tf、Po、ES -1、ES - 34个座位处于平衡 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而在Prt、Hp、ES - 2出现不平衡状态 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

中国鲤科鱼类游泳能力综合分析和应用

声学屏障是一种阻拦鱼类进入危险区域进而保护鱼类资源的重要手段,为筛选鱼类敏感的负趋音作为声学屏障,本研究采用6种单频音 (500~3 000 Hz)和1种宽频音 (扬子鳄吼叫声)作为实验用音对草鱼幼鱼进行负趋音的筛选研究,通过在水槽两端交替播音来对比草鱼幼鱼对不同声音的行为反应。结果显示,大多数实验鱼对声音有反应,扬子鳄吼叫声与其他声音组的差异显著。单频音实验组中播放500 Hz单频音时平均反应次数最大,为 (1.7±0.6)次,而播放扬子鳄吼叫声时平均反应次数高达 (5.0±0.9)次,显著高于其他实验音。在总平均速度中,宽频音组中草鱼的总平均速度显著高于其他组,表明草鱼对扬子鳄吼叫声敏感,产生逃窜行为。研究表明,草鱼对扬子鳄吼叫声具有负趋音性,扬子鳄吼叫声是一种对草鱼具有驱赶、威慑作用的声音。本研究可为过鱼设施中辅助诱驱鱼手段及水利结构中避免鱼类的夹带提供参考依据。

     

浙江天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林生物量研究(Ⅰ)群落结构及主要组成树种生物量特征

以浙江天童常绿阔叶林为研究对象,在选取的永久样方中应用每木调查法调查了群落的种类组成,并对群落结构进行了分析.通过收获法直接测定了群落草本层和灌木层的生物量,并采用标准木法间接测定了乔木层生物量,同时分析了该群落及其主要组成树种的生物量特征.结果表明:木荷Schima superba,米槠Castanopsis carlesii为群落优势种,它们与石栎Lithocarpus glaber,栲树Castanopsis fargesii,细叶青冈Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia共同构成了该群落的主要树种.群落生物量主要是由群落内主要组成树种的生物量构成的,主要集中在乔木层,其生物量主要分配在米槠和木荷上,各层生物量绝大多数由主要组成树种的生物量构成,乔木层和灌木层主要树种的生物量器官分配为干＞枝＞叶.图2表3参17     

母鼠妊娠期铅镉联合暴露对仔鼠脑组织的氧化损伤及乙酰半胱氨酸的保护效应

45只怀孕SD母鼠被随机分为9组,即A组（对照组,饮用蒸馏水）、B组（铅组,300mg／L）、C组[铅＋N-乙酰半胱氨酸（N-NAC）组,300mg／L＋20mmol／L]、D组（镉组,10mg／L）、E组（镉＋NAC组,10mg／L＋20retool／L）、F组（低剂量铅镉联合组,150mg／L＋5mg／L）、G组（低剂量铅镉联合＋NAC组,150mg／L＋5mg／L＋20mmol／L）、H组（高剂量铅镉联合组,300mg／L＋10mg／L）、Ⅰ组（高剂量铅镉联合＋NAC组,300mg／L＋10mg／L＋20mmol／L）。采用饮水染毒,染毒时间为21d,分娩后每窝随机选取6只乳鼠测定脑匀浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（TChE）活性和丙二醛（MDA）的含量。结果表明,低剂量铅镉联合作用具有中间效应（介于铅、镉单独毒性作用之间）,而高剂量铅镉联合作用表现协同或叠加效应。NAC拮抗组与染毒组比较,MDA含量显著降低,SOD、GSH—Px、TChE、CAT活性有升高趋势,说明NAC可以提高大鼠的抗氧化能力,对母鼠铅镉暴露所致新生鼠脑脂质过氧化损伤有一定的保护作用。     

不同苜蓿品种对豌豆蚜生长发育的影响

研究了甘农3号、甘农5号、陕北、游客、俄罗斯5个苜蓿品种在15、18、21、25和28℃及相对湿度为80%条件下,对豌豆蚜（Acyrthosiphon pisum）生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同温度条件下5个苜蓿品种对豌豆蚜成若蚜生长发育的影响不同,成若蚜发育历期均以陕北苜蓿上的最长,在各温度下甘农5号苜蓿上的最短,在各温度下,2个品种间均差异极显著（P〈0.01）;不同苜蓿品种上豌豆蚜成若蚜的历期大小均为陕北〉甘农3号〉游客〉俄罗斯〉甘农5号;5个供试苜蓿品种上豌豆蚜的存活率以俄罗斯和陕北苜蓿最小,甘农3号和甘农5号最高。     

上海市人工林土壤理化性质与群落特征的相关性

人工林是城市具生命绿色基础设施的重要组成部分,土壤是人工林健康可持续发展的基础。在上海市域范围内选取5种主要人工林群落类型样地34个,分层采集0~100 cm土壤剖面样品,对人工林土壤理化性质与植物群落特征的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:①上海市人工林土壤容重偏高（1.07~1.67 g·cm-3）,土壤pH 5.7~8.3,土壤电导率（EC）为0.03~0.40 mS·cm-1,碱解氮（5.4~183.4 mg·kg-1）,有效磷（1.4~80.5 mg·kg-1）和有机质（3.33~42.88 g·kg-1）相对匮乏;土壤pH值、碱解氮和有机质随土层加深表现出一定的变化规律,并在不同土层间差异显著;土壤容重、有效磷和EC在各土层间无显著变化规律。②有机质分别与土壤容重、pH值、碱解氮和有效磷在0~30 cm土层显著相关（P＜0.05）;碱解氮和pH值在0~30 cm显著相关（P＜0.05）。③0~10 cm土层,群落郁闭度与土壤EC显著负相关（P＜0.05）,碱解氮和有机质与样地乔木平均胸径和草本层盖度显著正相关（P＜0.05）。受城市化和人类活动影响,在对人工林进行管理时,应考虑城市人工林的复杂性与差异性,针对不同类型林地制定相应的个性化管理措施,促进人工林长效健康可持续发展。