生活在此处

当邦妮和汉密尔顿·潘思打算为即将开始的婚姻生活寻找一个新家时,他们对未来并没有任何详细的规划,这个全新的温馨家园是由梅勒妮为他们设计的。现在,这对夫妇和11个月大的双胞胎女儿一起生活在伯明翰乡村的小别墅里,庭前碧树小径,一派悠然自得的田园风情。     

In vitro production of porcine zygotes using intracytoplasmic injection of vitrified sperm

The objectives of this study were to evaluate if vitrified porcine spermatozoa are able to maintain their capacity to produce zygotes in vitro using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and to evaluate the zygote development in two in vitro atmospheric conditions: 5% CO₂ and tri‐gas. A group of porcine oocytes maturated in vitro were injected with vitrified‐warmed sperm (treatment group) and another group, with sperm diluted and conserved at 17°C (control group). To evidence parthenogenetic activation, some oocytes were submitted to a Sham test. The injected oocytes were cultured in G1 medium at 38°C, 100% humidity and 5% CO₂ or tri‐gas. No significant differences (p > .05) were observed in embryo development between the oocytes injected with vitrified‐warmed sperm (31.8%; 36/113), and those injected with semen diluted and conserved at 17°C (35.5%; 32/90), when cultured in 5% CO₂ or under tri‐gas atmosphere (42.9%; 39/91 vs. 34.2%; 26/76, respectively). No significant differences (p > .05) were observed in the percentage of pronuclei (PN) obtained between 5% CO₂ and tri‐gas, within each treatment either. Of the 52 oocytes submitted to the Sham test, only two presented a female PN (activation) indicating that the PN observed in the treatment group were a product of fertilization and not parthenogenetic activation. To conclude, porcine sperm vitrified using spheres, at a concentration of 5 × 10⁶ spermatozoa/ml in TALP medium with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), conserve condensed and intact chromatin capable of producing early embryo development up to the pronuclear stage.     

Glucose and ammonium additions affect needle decomposition and carbon allocation by the litter degrading fungus Mycena epipterygia

Saprotrophic microorganisms in soils have traditionally been assumed to be carbon (C) limited, since additions of readily assimilable carbohydrates usually result in increased respiration. In many forest soils, however, rapid nitrogen (N) immobilization and increased microbial growth in response to N addition indicate N limitation. Here we test whether this apparent contradiction could be explained by changes in C allocation between microbial growth and respiration (i.e. changed C-use efficiency) under controlled conditions in laboratory microcosms. Respiration, mycelial production and needle mass loss were monitored after application of glucose or ammonium sulphate to Pinus sylvestris needles inoculated with the litter decomposer fungus Mycena epipterygia. Addition of ammonium resulted in a 32% increase in respiration, 31% increase in needle mass loss and increased mycelial production, indicating that both growth and activity of the fungus were N limited. In spite of N limitation, additions of glucose resulted in a 19% increase in respiration but had no effect on mycelial production and led to a 17% decrease in needle mass loss, indicating a reduced C-use efficiency of the fungus. The capacity of individual fungi to adapt their C-use efficiency to C availability implies that additions of labile C could increase respiration even under N-limited conditions.     

Productive performance of cattle in Botswana

Summary A field investigation was undertaken in several areas of Botswana to determine how management, environment and possibly aphosphorosis affected the bodily condition and reproductive performance of range cattle in these areas. Results indicated that poor management, overgrazing and poor watering facilities seriously impaired bodily condition and reproductive performance. Good management helps greatly to improve the situation. Aphosphorosis does occur in some areas but appears to be closely linked with malnutrition.

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Sumario Sellevó a cabo una investigación de campo en varias areas en Botswana para determinar como el manejo, ambiente y posiblemente la afosforosis afectaban la condición corporal y la performance reproductiva del ganado en pastoreo en estas areas. Los resultados indicaron que el manejo pobre, el sobrepastoreo y la pobreza de agua afectaron seriamente la condición corporal y el rendimiento reproductivo. El buen manejo ayuda enormemente en mejorar la situacion. La afosforosis ocurre en algunas areas pero parece estar estrechamente ligada a la malnutricion.

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Résumé Une enquête a été effectuée dans plusieurs régions du Botswana pour déterminer comment l'exploitation, l'environnement et l'aphosphorose influen?aient la condition physique et les facultés reproductrices du bétail nomade de ces régions. Les résultats montrent qu'une médiocre exploitation, le surpàturage et de faibles possibilités d'abreuvement diminuaient sérieusement la condition physique et les facultés reproductrices. Une bonne conduite aide beaucoup à améliorer la situation. L'aphosphorose s'observe dans quelques régions mais elle para?t être étroitement liée à la malnutrition.

     

A note on seasonal changes in serum inorganic phosphate levels of cattle in Botswana

Summary Aphosphorosis is alleged to be widespread in the sandveld areas of Botswana although supportive objective evidence is not available. An examination was made of serum inorganic phosphate (SIP) levels of cows in the dry season (September–October) and again after the rains (February) when the grass was tall and green. The difference in SIP levels between the two periods was highly significant.

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Sumario La afosforosis es considerada estar bastante diseminada en areas arenosas de Botswana aunque no existe evidencia de apoyo mas objetiva. Se hizo un examen de los niveles de fosfato inorgánico en los sueros de vacas en la estación seca (Setiembre-Octubre) y otra vez despues de las lluvias (Febrero) cuando el grass esta crecido y es verde. La differencia en los niveles de estos fosfatos inorgánicos en los dos periodos fue altamente significativa.

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Résumé On prétend que l'aphosphorose est générale dans les régions de veld sableux du Botswana mais la preuve objective n'en a jamais été faite. Une étude das taux de phosphate inorganique du sérum (SIP) de vaches a été effectuée en saison sèche (septembre à octobre) et après les pluies (février) quand l'herbe était haute et verte. La différence était hautement significative entre les taux de SIP au cours des deux saisons.

     

Serum inorganic phosphate,calcium and magnesium levels of cattle in Botswana

Summary Serum inorganic phosphate levels in Botswanan cattle at the end of the dry season were in the low normal range. Levels varied from one area of the country to another and only in some areas were the levels compatible with those seen in aphosphorosis. Levels were lowest in areas with poor grazing but low serum levels were not necessarily associated with clinical signs of aphosphorosis. Bonemeal supplements increased serum inorganic phosphate levels and its effect was most marked when animals had good grazing available.

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Sumario Los niveles de fosfato inorganico en el suero de ganado en Botswana al final de la estación seca estuvieron en el limite normal inferior. Los niveles variaron de una area a otra y solo en algunas aresa los niveles eran compatibles con aquellos vistos en afosforosis. Los niveles mas bajos fueron vistos en areas de pastoreo pobre pero niveles reducidos en el suero no estaban necesariamente asociados con síntomas clínicos de afosforosis. Suplementos de harina de hueso incrementaron los niveles de fosfato inorganico en el suero y el efecto era mucho mas marcado cuando los animales tenían buena capacidad para el pastoreo.

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Résumé Les taux de phosphate inorganique dans le sérum du bétail du Botswana sont régulièrement faibles à la fin de la saison sèche. Les taux varient d'une zone à l'autre mais ce n'est que dans quelques régions qu'ils sont compatibles avec ceux qui sont observés dans l'aphosphorose. Its sont les plus bas dans les régions à maigre paturage mais les faibles taux sériques ne sont pas forcément associés à des signes cliniques d'aphosphorose. Des suppléments de farine d'os augmentent les taux sériques et leur effet est le plus net quand les animaux disposent d'un bon paturage.

     

Growth and nutrient uptake of ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings in a natural substrate treated with elevated Al concentrations

Models of the effects of elevated concentrations of aluminum (Al) on growth and nutrient uptake of forest trees frequently ignore the effects of mycorrhizal fungi. In this study, we present novel data indicating that ectomycorrhizal mycelia may prevent leaching of base cations and Al. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings were grown in sand obtained from the B-horizon of a local forest. In Experiment 1, non-mycorrhizal seedlings and seedlings inoculated with Hebeloma cf. longicaudum (Pers.: Fr.) Kumm. ss. Lange or Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton were provided with nutrient solution containing 2.5 mM Al. Aluminum did not affect growth of non-mycorrhizal seedlings or seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor. Seedlings colonized by H. cf. longicaudum had the highest biomass production of all seedlings grown without added Al, but the fungus did not tolerate Al. Shoots of seedlings colonized by L. bicolor had the lowest nitrogen (N) concentrations but the highest phosphorus (P) concentrations of all seedlings. The treatments had small but significant effects on shoot and root Al concentrations. In Experiment 2, inoculation with L. bicolor was factorially combined with the addition of a complete nutrient solution, or a solution lacking the base cations K, Ca and Mg, and solutions containing 0 or 0.74 mM Al. Seedling growth decreased in response to 0.74 mM Al, but the effect was significant only for non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Mycorrhizal seedlings generally had higher P concentrations than non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Aluminum reduced P uptake in non-mycorrhizal plants but had no effect on P uptake in mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal colonization increased the pH of the soil solution by about 0.5 units and addition of Al decreased the pH by the same amount. We conclude that the presence of ectomycorrhizal mycelia decreased leaching of base cations and Al from the soil.     

Brucella suis in three dogs: presentation,diagnosis and clinical management

Brucella suis is an emerging, zoonotic disease predominantly affecting dogs and humans that engage in feral pig hunting in Australia and other countries. Although B. suis infection in dogs shares some clinical similarities to the host-adapted species (B. canis), B. suis remains an incompletely understood pathogen in dogs with limited published data on its pathogenesis and clinical features. This case series describes the presentations, diagnosis, and clinical management of B. suis infection in three dogs: (1) a bitch with dystocia, abortion and mastitis; (2) an entire male dog with septic arthritis and presumptive osteomyelitis; and (3) a castrated male dog with lymphadenitis. Unique features of these cases are reported including the first documented detection of B. suis from milk and isolation from lymph nodes of canine patients, as well as the follow-up of pups born to a B. suis-infected bitch. Consistent with previous reports, all three dogs showed a favourable clinical response to combination antibiotic therapy with rifampicin and doxycycline. Individually tailored drug regimens were required based on the clinical presentation and other factors, including owner expectations and compliance with therapy as well as a zoonotic risk assessment (generally considered low, except around time of whelping). The authors include their recommendations for the clinical management of dogs that are at-risk or seropositive for B. suis with or without clinical signs or laboratory-confirmed infection.     

Mechanism of gas cell stabilization in breadmaking. II. The secondary liquid lamellae

The study for the first time demonstrates that flour lipids at their natural levels do not affect dough rheology as measured by bubble inflation, thus indicating the presence of liquid lamellae as an independent secondary gas cell stabilizing mechanism in bread dough. The liquid lamellae, stabilized by adsorbed surface active compounds, plays its role during the later proving and early baking stage, when discontinuities occur in the gluten–starch matrix surrounding gas bubbles. To study this secondary stabilizing mechanism, different lipid fractions were added incrementally to the defatted flours. No effects were observed on the rheological properties of the dough. However, large effects on the loaf volume were measured. The additives used were the total flour lipid and its polar and non-polar fractions and the fatty acids palmitic, linoleic and myristic. Polar lipids and palmitic acid had positive or little effect on loaf volume, respectively. Non-polar lipid, linoleic and myristic acids had negative effects on loaf volume. The different effects of the lipid fractions are thought to be related to the type of monolayer that is formed. Polar lipid and palmitic acid form condensed monolayers at the air/water interface whereas non-polar lipid, linoleic and myristic acids form expanded monolayers.