安徽省花生生产机械化关键问题与对策研究

介绍了安徽省花生主要种植方式和类型,简述了我国花生生产机械化发展概况和存在的主要问题。根据安徽实际,从农机与农艺结合、提高机械性能、提高播种质量和环境保护等方面,提出了发展花生生产机械化思考与发展对策。     

“中国春”小麦不同缺体的RAPD分析

利用ＰＣＲ－９０Ａ型ＤＮＡ扩增仪，对７个中国春小麦缺体核ＤＮＡ进行了扩增。结果显示，中国春小麦缺体核ＤＮＡ的ＲＡＰＤ产物可分为二种类型：（１）所有供试材料均能扩增出的片段，代表了核ＤＮＡ在进化上的保守性。有一个引物检测到这类片段。（２）全部供试材料间存在的差异片段，这类片段是用来基因定位的主要依据。另外，建立中国春小麦缺体系统的ＲＡＰＤ指纹图谱对研究小麦的系统进化也将有重要意义     

Dietary fiber in a low-protein diet during gestation affects nitrogen excretion in primiparous gilts,with possible influences from the gut microbiota

We investigated the effects of dietary fiber (DF) supplementation in normal or low crude protein (CP) diets on reproductive performance and nitrogen (N) utilization in primiparous gilts. In total, 77 Landrace × Yorkshire pregnant gilts were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The groups comprised 1) equal intake of normal CP (12.82% and 0.61% total lysine), 2) low CP (LP) (10.53% and 0.61% total lysine), and 3) with or 4) without DF supplementation (cellulose, inulin, and pectin in a 34:10:1 ratio). A low-protein diet during gestation significantly reduced daily weight gain from days 91 to 110 of pregnancy (−162.5 g/d, P = 0.004). From N balance trials conducted at days 35 to 38, 65 to 68, and 95 to 98 of pregnancy, DF addition increased fecal N excretion at days 65 to 68 (+24.1%) and 95 to 98 (+13.8%) of pregnancy (P < 0.05) but reduced urinary N excretion (P < 0.05), resulting in greater N retention at each gestational stage. DF increased fecal microbial protein levels and excretion during gestation. An LP diet also reduced urinary N excretion at different gestational stages. An in vitro fermentation trial on culture media with nonprotein N urea and ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) as the only N sources revealed that microbiota derived from feces of gestating gilts fed the high DF diet exhibited a greater capacity to convert nonprotein N to microbial protein. Microbial fecal diversity, as measured by 16S rRNA sequencing, revealed significant changes from DF but not CP diets. Gilts fed an LP diet had a higher number of stillbirths (+0.83 per litter, P = 0.046) and a lower piglet birth weight (1.52 vs. 1.37 kg, P = 0.006), regardless of DF levels. Collectively, DF supplementation to gestation diets shifted N excretion from urine to feces in the form of microbial protein, suggesting that the microbiota had a putative role in controlling N utilization from DF. Additionally, a low-protein diet during gestation negatively affected the litter performance of gilts.     

AR regulates porcine immature Sertoli cell growth via binding to RNF4 and miR-124a

Sertoli cells are the only somatic cells in the seminiferous epithelium which directly contact with germ cells. Sertoli cells exhibit polarized alignment at the basal membrane of seminiferous tubules to maintain the microenvironment for growth and development of germ cells, and therefore play a crucial role in spermatogenesis. Androgens exert their action through androgen receptor (AR) and AR signalling in the testis is essential for maintenance of spermatogonial numbers, blood–testis barrier integrity, completion of meiosis, adhesion of spermatids and spermiation. In the present study, we demonstrated that AR gene could promote the proliferation of immature porcine Sertoli cells (ST cells) and the cell cycle procession, and accelerate the transition from G1 phase into S phase in ST cells. Meanwhile, miR-124a could affect the proliferation and cell cycle procession of ST cells by targeting 3′-UTR of AR gene. Furthermore, AR bound to the RNF4 via AR DNA-binding domain (DBD) and we verified that RNF4 was necessary for AR to regulate the growth of ST cells. Above all, this study suggests that AR regulates ST cell growth via binding to RNF4 and miR-124a, which may help us to further understand the function of AR in spermatogenesis.     

陕西省西安市牛羊养殖场职业暴露高危人群布鲁氏菌感染相关风险因素分析

为掌握陕西省西安市牛羊养殖场职业暴露人群布鲁氏菌感染风险因素,做好高危人群布鲁氏菌病防控工作,2019年对西安市39个布鲁氏菌病阳性养殖场及346位职业暴露高危人群进行流行学调查,并采用单因素分析及多因素logistic回归分析,找出养殖场高危人群感染风险因素。结果显示:畜间布鲁氏菌病在养殖方式上主要发生于散养场(27/39),时间上发生于4月、7—8月、10月,在畜种上以羊群为主(28/39)。对从业人员主观潜在风险因素的单因素分析发现,感染从业人员与未感染高危人员在挤奶、喝生牛羊乳、接生、免疫、接触流产畜(流产物及粪便)病差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05);多因素logistic回顾分析发现,挤奶(OR=2.435,95%CI=1.137～5.071)、喝生牛羊乳(OR=2.893,95%CI=1.218～7.569)、接生(OR=3.217,95%CI=1.382～8.036)、接触流产畜(流产物及粪便,OR=2.439,95%CI=1.175～5.209)是从业人员感染的风险因素。同时,对养殖场客观潜在风险因素的单因素分析及多因素logistic回顾分析显示,场区消毒(OR=0.694,95%CI=0.307～1.043)、流产病死畜无害化处理(OR=0.549,95%CI=0.325～1.105)也是从业人员感染的风险因素。结果表明,挤奶、喝生牛羊乳、接生、接触流产畜(流产物及粪便)是从业人员感染的主观性风险因素,场区消毒、流产病死畜无害化处理是从业人员感染的客观风险因素。结果提示,牛羊养殖场及从业人员应加强对上述感染风险因素的控制,降低暴露风险。同时,相关机构应开展牛羊养殖场职业暴露人群布鲁氏菌病防控知识科普宣传,提升其防范能力。     

妊娠后期营养限制对蒙古绵羊胎儿生物原胺类神经递质的影响

本试验旨在研究妊娠后期营养限制对蒙古绵羊胎儿生物原胺类神经递质的影响。选择健康、体况相近的蒙古绵羊18只,对其进行同期发情、配种后,从妊娠第90天开始,随机分为3个组:营养限制1组[NG1组,n=6,代谢能(ME)=0.175 MJ/(kg BW 0.75·d)]、营养限制2组[NG2组,n=6,ME=0.330 MJ/(kg BW 0.75·d)]和对照组[CG组,n=6,ME=0.670 MJ/(kg BW 0.75·d)],在妊娠第140天时屠宰,取各组胎儿及其脑组织和血液。结果显示:NG1组胎儿的脑重较CG组显著增高(P<0.05),并且NG1组胎儿脑中5-羟色胺(5-HT)(P<0.01)、肾上腺素(EPI)(P<0.05)含量显著或极显著高于CG组,去甲肾上腺素(NA)的含量极显著低于CG组(P<0.01)。NG2组胎儿脑中5-HT含量极显著高于CG组(P<0.01),而NA(P<0.01)、多巴胺(DA)(P<0.05)含量显著或极显著低于CG组。另外,NG1组胎儿血浆中5-HT(P<0.01)、EPI(P<0.01)、NA(P<0.05)、DA(P<0.01)含量显著或极显著低于CG组;NG2组胎儿血浆中5-HT(P<0.01)、NA(P<0.01)、DA(P<0.05)含量显著或极显著低于CG组。由此得出,妊娠后期营养限制使得蒙古绵羊胎儿脑中5-HT、EPI含量升高和NA含量降低,血浆中5-HT、EPI、NA、DA含量降低。     

Toll-like receptor signaling is changed in ovine lymph node during early pregnancy

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in regulation of adaptive immune responses, and lymph nodes play key roles in the initiation of immune responses. There is a tolerance to the allogenic fetus during pregnancy, but it is unclear that expression of TLR signaling is in ovine lymph node during early pregnancy. In this study, lymph nodes were sampled from day 16 of nonpregnant ewes and days 13, 16, and 25 of pregnant ewes, and the expressions of TLR family (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9), adaptor proteins, including myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), were analyzed through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analysis. The results showed that mRNA and protein levels of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TRAF6, and MyD88 were upregulated in the maternal lymph node, but TLR5, TLR9, and IRAK1 were downregulated during early pregnancy. In addition, MyD88 protein was located in the subcapsular sinus and lymph sinuses. Therefore, it is suggested that early pregnancy induces changes in TLR signaling in maternal lymph node, which may be involved in regulation of maternal immune responses in sheep.     

气肿疽梭菌CctA基因的原核表达及其间接ELISA检测方法的建立

研究旨在原核表达气肿疽梭菌细胞毒素A （CctA）基因,用纯化的重组蛋白建立其间接ELISA检测方法,a。利用大肠杆菌密码子的偏爱性优化CctA基因序列,克隆至原核表达载体pET-28a （+）,双酶切鉴定原核表达质粒pET28a-CctA并测序。将重组质粒转入大肠杆菌,经IPTG诱导得到高表达的重组CctA包涵体蛋白。包涵体蛋白变性后经镍（Ni）柱纯化,SDS-PAGE检测其纯化效果。以豚鼠抗气肿疽梭菌抗血清为一抗,用Western blotting方法检测重组CctA蛋白的反应原性。用棋盘滴定法建立间接ELISA检测方法,以复性后的重组CctA蛋白作为检测抗原,摸索抗原包被浓度、封闭液的种类及浓度、抗体的最适稀释度和反应条件等。选用3批气肿疽灭活疫苗免疫豚鼠后采集血清,同时用攻毒和间接ELISA两种方法验证疫苗的免疫效力。质粒双酶切结果显示,得到大小约853 bp的条带,与预期相符,且测序结果正确。SDS-PAGE结果表明,成功表达并纯化大小为35 ku的重组CctA蛋白。Western blotting结果显示,豚鼠抗气肿疽梭菌抗血清与重组CctA蛋白具有良好的反应原性。建立的间接ELISA法的最适条件为：抗原的包被浓度为0.5 μg/mL,于4 ℃包被过夜;封闭液选择10%胎牛血清,37 ℃孵育2 h;二抗的稀释度为1：8 000;室温避光显色10 min后终止反应,测定D_{450 nm}值。当P/N>4.6时,间接ELISA法检测结果与豚鼠攻毒试验结果拟合度较好。本研究成功表达CctA基因并纯化了重组CctA蛋白,建立的以重组CctA蛋白为检测抗原的间接ELISA检测方法,有望成为气肿疽灭活疫苗免疫效果验证的替代方法。     

Green tea polyphenols supplementation alters immunometabolism and oxidative stress in dairy cows with hyperketonemia

Peripartal cows often experience negative energy balance, and are therefore prone to suffering from metabolic diseases such as hyperketonemia, which causes financial losses in dairy farms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea polyphenol (GTP) supplementation during the periparturient period on production performance, oxidative stress and immunometabolism in dairy cows with hyperketonemia. One hundred Holstein cows were assigned to GTP (0.2 g/kg DM; n = 50) or control (without GTP; n = 50) group based on body weight, previous milk yield, and parity on d 15 before expected parturition. Subsequently, 10 cows with hyperketonemia were selected from each group, according to blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentration between 1.2 and 2.9 mmol/L from 2 to 3 d postpartum. All cows were fed a close-up diet and a lactation diet with or without GTP supply from 15 d prepartum until 30 d postpartum. Milk and blood samples were obtained from 20 cows selected with hyperketonemia on 10, 20, and 30 d postpartum. Compared with control cows, greater milk yield and lower somatic cell count were observed in GTP cows. The GTP group had lower concentrations of BHBA, free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglyceride, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide, greater concentrations of glucose, lower activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamyl transpeptidase, alongside greater activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity. Additionally, GTP supplementation up-regulated concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, but down-regulated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-8, and interferon-γ in plasma. Greater concentrations of plasma immunoglobulin G were also detected in the GTP group. Overall, the data suggested that GTP supplementation from 15 d prepartum to 30 d postpartum improved the milk yield and health status in cows with hyperketonemia during early lactation.     

稻谷籽粒的压缩特性与含水率关系的实验研究

通过Brookfield质构仪测定了不同含水率的稻谷籽粒(含水率为10.63%、12.25%、13.71%、15.18%、16.53%w.b.)在Z轴(短轴)方向上的压缩特性(破坏力、破坏能、表观接触弹性模量、最大接触应力、破坏应变),得出含水率对稻谷压缩特性的影响规律。实验结果表明:随着压缩形变的增加,稻谷籽粒受到的压力逐渐增加,当到达破裂点时达到最大值,随之急剧减小。随着含水率的增加,稻谷籽粒的压缩破坏力、破坏能、表观接触弹性模量、破坏应力逐渐减小,压缩破坏应变逐渐增加。