鸡蛋内部品质的光特性无损检测

无损检测鸡蛋内部品质是鸡蛋流通、加工中不可缺少的组成部分。为了提高鸡蛋内部品质光特性无损检测的精度,建立了鸡蛋的光学模型,找出了整蛋、内容物、蛋壳三者透射特性之间的关系。通过试验研究,得到了鸡蛋内部品质指标(哈氏单位)与整蛋透射率、蛋壳颜色、鸡蛋几何参数之间的相关关系。并对光特性无损检测的分级精度作了初步分析。     

北京市郊农业生态环境的工程对策研究

农业生态环境的保护是农业生产获得持续发展的重要基础条件之一。在调查研究北京市郊农业生产和农业废弃物基本情况基础上,针对主要农业废弃物给生态环境造成的影响与危害,分析研究了将其进行处理、利用的各种可操作性工程对策,以期不断改善京郊的农业生态环境,推动农业持续发展。     

Amelioration of a hardsetting Alfisol through deep mouldboard ploughing, gypsum application and double cropping. I. Soil physical and chemical properties

Contrasting soil management techniques were applied to a hardsetting red-brown earth (Alfisol) used for flood-irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum) production at Trangie, N.S.W., Australia. The individual and combined effects of deep mouldboard ploughing to a depth of 0.45 m, gypsum application (5 t ha⁻¹) and double cropping upon aggregate stability, bulk density, porosity, cone index and the non-limiting water range were evaluated. Dispersion and slaking of the surface soil were unaffected by the treatments when measured at the end of the second year of the experiment. Approximately 60% of the soil mass in the 0–0.15 m layer slaked on wetting, whereas less than 1% of the soil dispersed. Organic carbon (OC) levels of the surface soil were not affected by double cropping or gypsum application, but were reduced by mouldboard ploughing from 0.9% to 0.6% OC. The relationship between OC and macroaggregate (more than 250 μm) stability indicated that large increases in OC beyond 0.7% OC were required for relatively small increases in aggregate stability. Mouldboard ploughing increased clay content of the upper 0.15 m of the soil from 22% to 27%. This was associated with an increase in the frequency and depth of cracking which, however, diminished over time. The non-limiting water range (NLWR) was expanded in the uppermost 0.1 m by gypsum application from 0.15–0.30 to 0.09–0.28 m³ m⁻³. Mouldboard ploughing expanded the NLWR at a depth of 0.2 m. Penetrometer resistance, on average, exceeded the critical value for wheat root growth at a water content of 0.15 m³ m⁻³, which is substantially higher than the wilting point (0.09 m³ m⁻³). Excessive resistance to penetration as opposed to inadequate aeration or water availability is the main agronomic impediment in these soils, at least in the initial stages of crop development. Penetration resistance within the 0.05–0.3 m layer was reduced during a drying cycle in the order: mouldboard ploughing>gypsum>double cropping. The reduced penetration resistance associated with mouldboard ploughing was due to higher water content to a depth of 0.2 m and reduced bulk density below this depth.     

畜禽舍粪便污水及废气净化的研究

猪场污水经文中所述工艺系统处理以后,污水中的化学耗氧量(COD_Cr)达到98.4mg/L;生物需氧量(BOD₅)达到49.6mg/L;悬浮物(SS)达到51.49mg/L以下;硫化物达1.0mg/L以下:铜和铜化物达到0.6mg/L以下。畜舍中的废气净化,选择挥发性的药材制成“姜满净化剂”,能使畜舍的氨(NH₃)降解率达到73.9％,舍内含氟量为15.0mL/m³;硫化氢(H₂S)降解率达到85.8％,舍内的硫化氢浓度为2.8mL/m³;细菌降低率达到70.7％。     

一种复合保温覆盖材料研制和应用试验初报

研制了一种替代草帘的日光温室夜间外覆盖的新型保温材料。这是一种复合材料,隔热保温性优于草帘;质地轻,卷放省力、省工;防水、较耐用;价格适当;洁净光滑,不损伤沾污棚模。经二年在多点应用,普遍反映良好。     

应用反射光谱法对土壤粘土矿物的鉴定的初步研究

The characteristics of the reflectance spectra of clay minerals and their influences on the reflectance spectra of soils are dealt with in the paper.The results showed that dominant clay minerals in soils could be distinguished in light of the spectral -form parameters of the reflectance spectra of soils,thus making it possible to develop a quick method to determine clay minerals by means of reflectance spectra of soils in the lab.and providing a theoretic basis for remote sensing of clay minerals in soils with a high resolution imaging spectrometer.     

土壤施用有机物料后重组有机质变化规律的探讨——Ⅱ.对重组有机质中腐殖质组成和胡敏酸光学性质的影响

本文进一步探讨土壤施用有机物料后重组有机质的变化规律。测定了重组有机质中各种结合形态腐殖质组成和胡敏酸的光学性质。试验结果表明:土壤施用有机物料后,各种结合形态腐殖质的PQ¹⁾在第一年基本上下降,第二年又回升。腐殖化度降低的幅度和持续时间,与有机物料种类和用量及其分解的环境条件有关。施用有机物料还能使松、稳结合态胡敏酸的△logk和E₄/E₆提高,RF降低,光密度曲线陡度加大。     

Hard-setting behaviour of some structurally weak tropical soils

Some soils set hard on drying and may limit crop productivity. The hard-setting behaviour is influenced by soil properties and management. The objective of this study was to relate physical properties of soils sampled from 3 sites in Nigeria to soil strength or degree of hard-setting and to management. Clearing the vegetation and tillage led to a decrease in organic matter content and wet aggregate stability and increased bulk density leading to an increase in soil strength. The soil strength increased as the water content decreased but the increase was much more marked for mechanized cleared or tilled soils than for the less disturbed treatments of forestry or no-till cropping.     

On predicting the presence of birds in Eucalyptus forest types

We examine the relationship between the number of bird species and environment within 500 000 ha of eucalypt forests in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Birds were surveyed at 39 sites within 31 eucalypt communities, which were, in turn, scored by altitude, temperature, rainfall, basal areas of trees and levels of the nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the eucalypt foliage.

Ninety bird species were recorded. Numbers per site, averaged over the whole sample period, ranged between 20 and 38 over all surveys, 24 and 42 in ‘summer’ (October to March) when migrant species were present, and 13 and 38 in ‘winter’ (April to September). A forward stepwise Poisson regression model was used to fit bird species richness to the environmental variables. Over all surveys and in ‘summer’, foliar magnesium and tree basal area (including the basal area of dead trees) were significantly (positive) correlated with the number of bird species. In ‘winter’ the correlations were with altitude and temperature (both negative), presumably the result of emigration of species that avoid cold weather, and tree basal area (positive).

The positive association of number of species over all surveys and in ‘summer’ with tree basal area, including dead trees, and foliar magnesium may index the level of forest maturity and productivity.

Forest management directed solely to timber production reduces the basal area and the number of dead trees and may thereby reduce bird species richness permanently.

A methodology is offered, based on the relationship between the physical environment and the more productive eucalypt communities, for determining forest areas containing the most species of birds.     

黄土坡面细沟侵蚀能力的水动力学试验研究

建立以水动力学为基础的侵蚀预报模型,必须解决影响土壤侵蚀发生过程及其强度的各水力要素的合理计算问题。本文通过室内径流冲刷试验,研究了黄土坡国沟侵蚀发生的水动力学机理及其输沙特征,探讨了细沟侵蚀预报模型中,细沟侵蚀民涉衣的土壤及有关径流的水力参数;土壤侵蚀性系数,细沟侵蚀发生的临界切应力,细沟径流的平均流速,Ｍａｎｎｎｉｎｇ糙率系数,以及反映细沟断面形态特征的系数的估算问题。