从可持续植物保护理念看自然与人文的共通性

可持续植物保护理念有着深厚的哲学底蕴,其内涵的辩证思维、生态理念以及多样性、非线性、有限性等对人文和社会学的研究有很大的借鉴意义。     

土壤熟化剂在新垦灌区的应用效果研究

试验表明,在新垦灌区土壤上,施用土壤熟化剂均可使小麦、玉米、油葵、豌豆、胡麻增产,增幅在12.83%~47.92%之间且增产效果极显著(p<0.001)。对作物的各经济性状指标均有不同程度的改善,其中对穗长和千(百)粒重的改善效果最明显(p<0.005)。对土壤的物理化学性质都有较明显的改善。     

Diversity of the ovine DQA2 gene

Variation in the ovine DQA2 gene was investigated in approximately 2,000 sheep from six breeds. Fragments of DNA containing the ovine DQA2 exon 2 were amplified using PCR. Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and DNA sequence analysis were employed to detect genetic variation. Twenty-three nucleic acid sequences, encoding 22 DQA2 amino acid sequences, were identified. This increases the number of alleles identified from 10 to 23. In some cases, three or four unique sequences were isolated from individual sheep, suggesting that these DQA2 sequences may represent two loci. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that 5 of these 23 sequences were more closely related to cattle DQA3 or DQA4 sequences than to other sheep DQA2 sequences. These sequences clustered together and were called DQA2-like to differentiate them from other DQA2 sequences. There was no evidence of DQA5-like sequences in sheep. Information theory-based analysis indicated that some of the DQA2-like sequences had low information content at splice sites, suggesting that these alleles may have low functional activity. Allelic lineages were observed not only at the DQA2 locus, but also at the DQA2-like locus, supporting the trans-species mode of evolution of MHC genes. Comparison of the allelic sequences suggests that polymorphism seems to have arisen largely by point mutation and gene conversion, and a recent gene conversion event seems to have occurred between the DQA2 and DQA2-like loci. The high level of sequence polymorphism detected and varied number of loci demonstrate the extensive diversity of the ovine DQA2 gene.     

Different effects of microwave and ultrasound on the stability of (all-E)-astaxanthin

Both microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) have been widely applied in the extraction of a variety of biologically active compounds including carotenoids due to their lower pollution to environment, high extraction efficiency, lower cost, and shorter extraction time as compared to conventional extraction techniques. However, there are few reports on their effects on the stability of these compounds. In the present study, the stability of (all-E)-astaxanthin, one of the carotenoids, was examined under the action of both ultrasound and microwave. Results showed that microwave induced the isomerization of (all-E)-astaxanthin to its Z analogues, preferentially to (13Z)-astaxanthin as analyzed by HPLC coupled with diode array detection and LC-MS; and the percentage of the isomerization increased with increasing both treatment time and microwave power. In contrast to the microwave, the ultrasound degraded (all-E)-astaxanthin to unidentified colorless compound(s) as suggested by HPLC analysis and UV/vis measurements, and the degradation likewise increased as both treatment time and ultrasonic power increased. The results presented here emphasized that both MAE and UAE techniques should be carefully used in the extraction of unstable compounds such as (all-E)-astaxanthin.     

Quantification of selected aroma-active compounds in Pinot noir wines from different grape maturities

Effect of grape maturity on aroma-active compounds in Pinot noir wine was investigated using stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (SBSE-GC-MS). High correlation coefficient (> 0.95) and low standard deviation (< 10%) were obtained for all aroma-active compounds of interest. Two vintages of Pinot noir wines with three different grape maturities each were analyzed. Statistical analysis showed that both grape maturity and growing year significantly affected the aroma composition of the final wine. Analysis of wine samples from the same vintage indicated that grape maturity could affect aroma compounds in different ways, based on their biochemical formation in the wines. For most short-chain fatty acid esters, there were no obvious trends with grape maturity, however, the concentrations of ethyl 2-methylpropanoate and ethyl 3-methylbutanoate consistently decreased with grape maturity. The decreasing trend was also observed for other esters including ethyl cinnamate, ethyl dihydroxycinnamate, and ethyl anthranilate, with the exception of ethyl vanillate, while C13 norisoprenoids, monoterpenes, and guaiacols had increasing trends with grape maturation.     

Mechanism of wine lactone formation: demonstration of stereoselective cyclization and 1,3-hydride shift

The cyclization mechanism of (E)-2,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxyocta-2,7-dienoic acid to wine lactone under acidic aqueous conditions was investigated using the two stereoselectively deuterium-labeled precursors (2E,6R,7Z)-[8-2H]-2,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxyocta-2,7-dienoic acid and (2E,7E)-(+/-)-[8-2H]-2,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxyocta-2,7-dienoic acid. A detailed analysis of the generated wine lactone isomers by enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography (MDGC)/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry demonstrates that the formation of wine lactone proceeds via a nonenzymatic stereoselective cationic cyclization cascade that includes a 1,3-hydride shift. Usually, such mechanisms are features of cyclization reactions that are catalyzed by terpene cyclases. This nonenzymatic conversion of an acyclic precursor to a bicyclic monoterpene under relevant cationic cyclization conditions has rarely been observed and confirms recent suggestions that the precursor itself can provide the chemical functionality required for specific steps in the cyclization cascade.     

玉米基因组DNA的快速高效提取(简报)

采用改良的十六烷基三乙基溴化铵(CTAB)法,以玉米Zea mays的黄化苗叶片为材料提取玉米基因组DNA,提取的DNA经0．8％的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,结果表明,此法具有快速、高效和DNA质量好、纯度高等优点。     

5种杀虫剂对紫薇长斑蚜的毒杀效果研究

本试验在室内测定了5种杀虫剂对紫薇长斑蚜的毒力,试验结果表明,田笑20%阿维·杀微乳剂和农地乐52.25%乳油防效较好,致死中量LC50分别为5.6697×10-5μg/L和7.9480×10-5μg/L;2.5%溴氰菊酯乳剂次之,LC50为1.4025×10-1μg/L;而赛波凯10%乳油和2.5%蚜虱一扫光乳剂防效最差.选取室内致死率为85%以上的农药倍数,用于室外试验,结果表明,5种杀虫剂防效由强到弱依次为:田笑20%阿维·杀微乳剂1 250倍液,致死率为88.89%;农地乐52.25%乳油1 250倍液,致死率为86.67%;2.5%溴氰菊酯乳剂1 250倍液,致死率为83.33%;赛波凯10%乳油1 000倍液,致死率为78.89%;2.5%蚜虱一扫光乳剂1 000倍液,致死率为75.56%.     

我国不同地区麦蚜携带BYDV-GAV比率的差异

为了研究我国不同地区麦蚜携带大麦黄矮病毒麦二叉蚜麦长管蚜非专化性株系(BYDV GAV)比率的差异,采用RT-PCR技术,对BYDV-GAV的传毒介体麦蚜带毒情况进行检测.所用方法具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,测定样本用量可少至1/200头蚜虫;对采自我国主要麦区的蚜虫样本进行分子检测,山西、甘肃、青海、陕西11个小麦黄矮病重病区蚜虫样本带毒率为56％～91.5％,而河北、河南两省4个非重病区蚜虫样本带毒率为2.5％～33％.通过试验证实,我国不同地区麦蚜携带BYDV-GAV比率存在差异,小麦黄矮病重病区山西、甘肃、青海、陕西等地的麦蚜带毒率高,而非重病区河北、河南等地的麦蚜带毒率低.     

新疆耕地动态变化与可持续发展

根据1949～2007年全疆及各地州耕地总量、水浇地面积等数据,采用系统聚类分析法,结合GIS的空间表达功能探讨了新疆耕地的时空动态变化特征,并运用时间序列趋势模型对其变化态势进行了预测。结果表明：近60a来,耕地总量净增290.45×104hm2,增幅高达240.10%,其中水田、水浇地、旱地面积分别增长了0.83×...