Effect of Woody Peat as an Additive on Maturity and Gaseous Emissions During Pig Manure Composting

Woody peat was used as an additive to compost with pig manure in 1.2 m³ composting reactors under aerobic conditions for a 77?days period to estimate the effect on the compost maturity and gaseous emissions (NH₃, N₂O, and CH₄). Pig manure was also composted with cornstalks (the traditional method) as a control treatment. The results showed that both cornstalks and woody peat composts reached the required maturity standard. Composting with woody peat as a bulking agent was found to reduced NH₃ emissions by 36% than the cornstalks amended treatment. Although CH₄ emission increased by adding woody peat, N₂O emission was considerably reduced, resulting in a slight decrease in total greenhouse gas emissions. More importantly, woody peat could reduce the losses of total carbon and total nitrogen, improve the compost quality as fertilizer.     

Mineralization of plant residues and native soil carbon as affected by soil fertility and residue type

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Crop residue return is an effective and low-cost agricultural approach for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. Yet, it is largely unknown to what extent the...     

2014-2016年我国种植业化肥施用状况及问题

【目的】种植业化肥施用量的变化不仅影响着我国化肥的供销平衡,还与环境安全密切相关。掌握种植业化肥施用状况是贯彻新发展理念,推进农业供给侧结构性改革的重要前提保障。【方法】本研究利用农业农村部339个国家级基层肥料信息网点调查数据,计算2014—2016年我国种植业化肥施用总量,并对主要农作物和不同区域化肥施用量和化肥施用品种分别进行统计分析。【结果】2014—2016年我国种植业化肥施用量分别为5989.7万t、6052.6万t和6041.4万t,其中三大粮食作物小麦、玉米、水稻年均化肥施用总量分别为728.3万t、1214.2万t和887.1万t,合计占到化肥施用总量的46.9%,华北、华中南和华东三个区域年均化肥施用总量分别为1603.1万t、1156.8万t和978.7万t,合计占到化肥施用总量的62.0%,复合(混)肥和尿素是农民最常购买的两种肥料,年均购买比例分别为76.8%和65.1%。【结论】我国种植业化肥施用量在2016年首次实现了零增长,化肥减量工作取得重要进展,但区域养分供应不平衡现象突出,主要表现为华北、华中南养分盈余较大,西南、西北养分供应不足。不同作物体系也存在施肥不平衡的问题,小麦、水稻基本合理,玉米和花生投入过量,甘蔗和棉花投入不足。建议国家加大力度推进测土配方施肥、机械施肥、有机肥替代化肥等高效施肥模式,促进化肥减量增效,助力乡村振兴战略实施。     

烟草扭脉病毒部分基因组特征及其分类地位分析

通过RT-PCR从烟草丛顶病发病烟株总RNA中获得烟草扭脉病毒（Tobacco vein distorting virus,TVDV）基因组部分序列。序列分析显示该片段全长1655bp,共包含TVDV的部分RdRp基因、完整的CP基因和完整的MP基因。其中RdRp基因与CP基因的间隔区（IR）长201nts,符合马铃薯卷叶病毒属病毒的归属依据;对RdRp、CP、MP基因以及IR序列的对比分析,显示了TVDV与黄症病毒科马铃薯卷叶病毒属病毒的较高同源性。根据三个ORF编码的氨基酸序列构建的分子同源树的分析,也都显示了TVDV与黄症病毒科马铃薯卷叶病毒属病毒的同源性最高,进一步证实了TVDV应该是黄症病毒科马铃薯卷叶病毒属的确定成员。     

反应电火花堆焊修复齿轮轴

利用DZ-1400型电火花堆焊机,以工业纯钛TA2为电极,以工业纯氮为保护气和反应气,在45号钢试件表面上制备了TiN金属陶瓷堆焊层。采用KYKY-2800型扫描电镜观察了堆焊层表面形貌、显微组织和磨损形貌,采用D/max-RA型X射线衍射仪分析了堆焊层物相,采用MH-6型显微硬度计测定了堆焊层显微硬度,采用自制磨损实验机对比了堆焊层与淬火回火65Mn钢的磨损性能,分析了电火花堆焊TiN金属陶瓷层用于轴颈修复的可行性。结果表明:反应电火花堆焊TiN金属陶瓷层与母材之间为冶金结合,堆焊层主要由电极材料钛、反应合成的TiN和基体材料铁组成,堆焊层显微硬度高,耐磨性好。变速箱齿轮轴修复实践表明,反应电火花堆焊TiN金属陶瓷层可用于修复损伤轴类件。     

丝胶蛋白抗氧化肽的酶法制备及功能评价

为进一步开发利用废蚕丝,充分挖掘丝胶蛋白的可利用程度,该文研究了6种蛋白酶水解制备丝胶肽及产品的抗氧化活性。筛选出Alcalase碱性蛋白酶为制备丝胶抗氧化肽的理想蛋白酶,并以ABTS体系评价了丝胶肽的抗氧化活性。通过单因素试验研究了反应时间、底物浓度、反应温度、pH值、酶底物比对酶水解制备丝胶肽的影响;并通过回归正交旋转试验设计对水解条件进行优化,建立各因素与水解度和抗氧化活性的数学模型,确定Alcalase酶水解丝胶蛋白的最佳水解条件为:反应时间240min,底物浓度2%,反应温度55℃,pH8.5,酶底物比2.375%。最佳水解条件下水解度为33.35%,ABTS清除活性为43.19%。该研究为开发丝胶抗氧化肽功能产品提供了技术依据。     

ALA提高丙酯草醚胁迫下油菜幼苗耐性研究

对油菜幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度的丙酯草醚(ZJ0273)和5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA),研究了ALA与丙酯草醚协同处理对苗期的油菜是否安全。结果表明,丙酯草醚随浓度从100~1000mg/L变化,逐渐抑制油菜幼苗生长,鲜重减少,净光合速率和叶绿素含量降低;过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降,丙二醛(MDA)积累提高。而10~100mg/L的ALA则促进油菜幼苗生长,增加植株的鲜重、净光合速率并提高了叶绿素含量,POD、SOD和APX酶活性均比对照显著提高,MDA积累减少;500mg/L的ALA效果相反,表现为抑制作物生长。100mg/L ALA和不同浓度的丙酯草醚协同处理,油菜幼苗均比对照生长的更好,鲜重增加,净光合速率提高,抗氧化酶活性增加,MDA积累减少。因此,ALA可以提高油菜幼苗在除草剂丙酯草醚胁迫下的耐性。     

土壤热参数确定方法比较与修正

土壤热参数是分析研究土壤热传递的基本参数,寻求确定热参数简单方法是研究的热点问题.该文利用自行研制的土壤热特性试验系统,测定了4种质地土壤热特性,计算了不同质地土壤在不同含水率、不同容重情况下的热扩散率,进一步推导出不同情况下的导热率,并与Campbell经验公式计算的导热率进行比较,发现计算值与实测值相差较大,并对Campbell经验公式进行修正,同时对修正经验公式进行分析、检验,并讨论此经验公式的适用范围.结果显示在体积含水率小于20%的时候,修正经验公式可以用于计算导热率.     

PLC在节能型日光温室温度监控系统中的应用

利用收集验证完善得到的PPI协议实现了上位机对PLC的监控,将西门子S7—200PLC与各个控制节点相连,上位机通过控制PLC来实现自动和手动控制各个节点,以实现节能型日光温室温度监控系统的自动化。     

Microbiological analysis of cadmium-contaminated sediments during biostabilization with indigenous sulfate-reducing bacteria

Purpose

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have received particular attention in the bioremediation of sediments contaminated with heavy metals. In this study, indigenous SRB were used to stabilize Cd in sediments spiked with different Cd concentrations (≤ 600 mg kg^?1).

Materials and methods

The study investigated the Cd leaching efficiency from sediments after 166 days (d) of biotreatment and assessed the bacterial community and bacteria relationship in sediments during SRB biostabilization.

Results and discussion

The study found that the Cd leaching efficiency of sediments was reduced by 18.1–40.3% (29.4 ± 8.7%) after 166 days of biotreatment. During the biostabilization, the bacterial community in sediments significantly changed, particularly after 61 days of biotreatment. At the family level, the identified dominant bacteria (mean abundance > 3%) included Bacillaceae, norank Nitrospira, Anaerolineaceae, Nitrospinaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Hydrogenophilaceae. The study also speculated the complex relationships between these bacteria. The relative abundance of Desulfobacteraceae and Desulfobulbaceae in sediments was enhanced after biotreatment. Bacillaceae and Streptococcaceae may play a negative role in Cd biostabilization and inhibited SRB biological activity. However, Anaerolineaceae and Hydrogenophilaceae may have commensalism and mutualism relationships, respectively, with typical SRB. The presence of Nitrospinacea and norank Nitrospira may reduce the inhibitive effect of denitrifying bacteria on SRB, thereby exhibiting a positive effect on biologic sulfate reduction and Cd biostabilization.

Conclusions

Indigenous SRB treatment increased Cd stability in sediments and changed bacterial community. During SRB biostabilization, complex relationships between bacteria in sediments were speculated, including competition, syntrophism, and antagonism. These results provide insights for better regulating and controlling SRB biostabilization.