橘小实蝇引诱物质研究进展

综述了橘小实蝇引诱剂物质和引诱机制的研究进展,指出当前对引诱物质的研究主要集中在蛋白和化学物质以及植物源物质上,对引诱机理的研究也表现在对化学物质和营养物质的需求方面,植物源引诱物质将成为未来橘小实蝇研究的重点。     

十六个樱桃番茄品种果实风味品质相关指标比较分析

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)等技术手段,对目前生产上16个主栽樱桃番茄(Solanum lycopersicum Mill. var. cerasiforme)品种的风味评分及相关指标进行测定和比较分析,解析决定樱桃番茄风味的主要影响因素。研究表明,相比其他风味相关指标,不同番茄品种间柠檬酸、苹果酸、V_c和氨基酸含量的差异较大。16个参试品种中,浙江省农业科学院蔬菜研究所的浙樱粉1号、浙樱黄1号,日本金子种苗株式会社的黄妃,及山东省农业科学院蔬菜研究所的天正红珠风味评分排名前4,以上品种的7项风味及营养决定指标参数(可溶性固形物、总糖、有机酸、果糖、葡萄糖、柠檬酸和V_c)均显著高于风味评价排名后4名的参试番茄品种。进一步的相关性分析结果表明,风味评分与可溶性固形物、总糖、有机酸、果糖、葡萄糖和V_c含量显著正相关,而与糖酸比等复合参数无显著相关性。由上述结果可知,番茄风味品质的主要指标为可溶性固形物、总糖(果糖+葡萄糖)、有机酸(主要是柠檬酸)和V_c。此外,氨基酸作为传统意义上的营养物质,可能与番茄风味存在一定关联。     

黄山松球果生命表的研究

１９９２－１９９４年，在浙江省天台县华顶林场北山区铁泉湖黄山松种子园研究了黄山松球果生命表。结果表明，从雌球花开放球果成熟过程中，导致球果死亡的主要因子是松实小卷蛾幼虫的危害。     

破坏山体植被对土壤理化性质影响的研究

以未造林荒草地为对照,对淄博四宝山破坏山体3种林分下的土壤物理性状、土壤含水量、入渗能力、养分含量、pH值及电导率进行了测定.结果表明,刺槐林地的土壤物理性状及持水能力最好,其次是刺槐黑松混交林、黑松林;无论雨季还是旱季,土壤水分含量表现为刺槐林＞刺槐黑松混交林＞黑松林＞荒草地.黑松林地的渗透速度最快,可达荒草地的3.4倍,刺槐黑松混交林、刺槐林的渗透能力依次递减.荒草地的土壤养分含量均最低,电导率最大,混交林的全N、全P、全K含量均最高;刺槐林的全N、全K含量高于黑松林,但全P含量则相反;电导率和有机质含量表现均为:刺槐林＞刺槐黑松混交林＞黑松林＞荒草地.     

单基因及联合双基因转化拟南芥的抗寒性比较

将CBF3、AtGolS3基因通过中间载体连接到植物表达载体pVKH上,形成带有启动子和终止子的双价表达载体,转入拟南芥,以野生拟南芥为对照,与单独导入AtGloS3基因的转基因拟南芥对比,比较两种拟南芥植株抗寒性的差别。结果表明：单基因转拟南芥和联合双基因转化拟南芥的抗寒能力均比野生拟南芥强;而联合双基因转化拟南芥的抗寒能力又比单基因转拟南芥强。     

硝化细菌在3种沉积土壤中的变化规律研究：Ⅰ 硝化细菌与土壤种类的关系

硝化细菌在土壤氮素转化过程中起着重要的作用,为了研究其规律性,选用变质岩、沉积岩和花岗岩为母质的土壤为样品,模拟珠江三角洲地区的年降雨量和施肥量,用室内人工土柱法研究了3种土壤中硝化细菌的变化规律.整个模拟过程根据施肥和灌水频率的不同分为3个阶段.结果表明,硝化细菌数量的增长有滞后性.NH44浓度高于10 mg·L-1会抑制亚硝酸细菌的生长,但这个浓度对硝酸细菌没有抑制作用.在3种土壤中,总体上亚硝酸细菌的数量一直比硝酸细菌数量高两到3个数量级,亚硝酸细菌比硝酸细菌在数量上上升较快、下降较慢,亚硝酸细菌比硝酸细菌提前7 d以上达到最大值.表层(10cm)和深层(110 cm)处变质岩土壤的硝酸细菌比沉积岩土壤和花岗岩土壤都高约一个数量级.硝酸细菌的最后值的大小顺序为沉积岩花岗岩>变质岩,并呈现出深层比表层下降慢的趋势;亚硝酸细菌最后值的大小顺序为花岗岩>变质岩>沉积岩,并呈现出深层比浅层下降快的趋势.     

农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践——水环境生态修复技术

当前,我国农村水体普遍污染严重,作为农村面源污染治理技术体系中的最后一环,农村水环境生态修复技术的实施具有十分重要的现实意义。本文在自己已有工作的基础上,总结和梳理了国内外适合我国农村的水环境生态修复技术,并分别按技术原理进行了阐述。研究表明,其中的生态浮床技术具有投资少、见效快、管理方便等优点,是一种行之有效的水体原位生态修复技术,尤其是采用水稻等能产生经济效益的植物作为浮床植物,不仅可以改善水质,其收益也能补偿部分投资成本;水生植物恢复技术是提高水体自净能力、恢复水生态系统结构和功能的必然选择,按照目标要求进行水生植物恢复,可以有效降低水体污染物浓度,促进水生态系统良性发展;以土壤生物工程为主的生态护坡技术适合我国农村河道的边坡修复,河岸植被群落能够得到良好恢复,坡岸土壤侵蚀和农业面源污染均能得到有效控制。生态修复技术的应用需与生态拦截技术和养分利用技术相协调,要以不同功能和目标需求为导向,注重采用组合技术工艺进行修复,以提高水环境生态修复的效果。     

Electron transfer capacity of soil dissolved organic matter and its potential impact on soil respiration

Purpose

Soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) as the labile fraction of soil organic carbon (SOC) is able to facilitate biogeochemical redox reactions effecting soil respiration and carbon sequestration. In this study, we took soil samples from 20 sites differing in land use (forest and agriculture) to investigate the electron transfer capacity of soil DOM and its potential relationship with soil respiration.

Materials and methods

DOM was extracted from 20 soil samples representing different land uses: forest (nos. 1–12) and agriculture (nos. 13–20) in Guangdong Province, China. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity (ETC) of the DOM, including electron acceptor capacity (EAC) and electron donor capacity (EDC), by applying fixed positive or negative potentials to a working electrode in a conventional three-electrode cell. The reversibility of electron accepting from or donating to DOM was measured by applying switchable potentials to the working electrode in the electrochemical system with the multiple-step potential technique. Carbon dioxide produced by soil respiration was measured with a gas chromatograph.

Results and discussion

Forest soil DOM samples showed higher ETC and electron reversible rate (ERR) than agricultural soil DOM samples, which may be indicative of higher humification rate and microbial activity in forest soils. The average soil respiration of forest soil (nos. 1–12) and agricultural soil (nos. 13–10) was 26.34 and 18.58 mg C g^?1 SOC, respectively. Both EDC and EAC of soil DOM had close relationship with soil respiration (p?<?0.01). The results implied that soil respiration might be accelerated by the electroactive moieties contained in soil DOM, which serve as electron shuttles and facilitate electron transfer reactions in soil respiration and SOC mineralization.

Conclusions

DOM of forest soils showed higher ETC and ERR than DOM of agricultural soils. As soil represents one of the largest reservoirs of organic carbon, soil respiration affects C cycle and subsequently CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. As one of the important characteristics of soil DOM related to soil respiration, ETC has a significant impact on greenhouse gas emission and soil carbon sequestration but has not been paid attention to.     

黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错区产流条件及径流系数

为了揭示黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错区的产流机制并推求径流系数,为该地区地表水资源的深入研究提供基础数据,选取具有黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错区典型气象与水文特征的六道沟流域为研究区。通过分析实测水文数据,从机制上分别研究了试验流域在表层土壤（5—10 cm）达到饱和及不饱和条件下的产流过程,在长历时低强度降雨条件下,产流的必要条件是表层土壤达到饱和且雨强≥0.12 mm/min;在短历时高强度降雨条件下,表层土壤未达到饱和状态时,产流的必要条件是降雨强度≥0.52 mm/min;径流系数与平均降雨强度之间存在着显著的正相关关系;以运动波理论的基础方程式结合GIS技术开发了适用于试验流域的分布式降雨—径流数值模型,模型的误差<3%;基于2005—2009年（5 a）的降雨—径流数值计算,得到试验流域在这5 a的平均径流系数为0.11,从而推求出多年平均径流系数为0.10～0.15。     

中国东南部红壤地区不同植被对土壤侵蚀和土壤养分的影响

The effect of different vegetation systems including bamboo plantation (BP), forest ecosystem (CF), citrus orchard (Ctr) and farmland (FL) on erosion and nutrients of red soil were investigated in hilly region of southeastern China to find effective control measures for soil erosion. The results showed that all the vegetation systems could significantly reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses compared to bare land (Br). The ability of different vegetation systems to conserve soil and water was in the order of Ctr > BP > CF > FL > Br. Vegetation could also improve soil fertility. The soil organic matter, total N and total P contents were much higher in all the vegetation systems than in bare land, especially for the top soils. Vegetation systems improved soil physical properties remarkably. Compared to the bare land, soil organic matter, TP, TK and available K, especially soil microbial biomass C, N and P, increased under all the vegetation covers. However, they were still much lower than expected, thus these biological measurements are still needed to be carried out continuously.