现行牛IVF程序在水牛体外受精的应用研究

本研究对我所现行的牛体外受精程序 ( IVF)应用于水牛体外受精的可行性进行了探讨。结果表明 ,水牛卵巢生长卵泡少 ,平均仅可回收 5枚卵母细胞 ,只相当于黄牛 ( 14.3个 )的1/ 3。水牛卵母细胞的体外成熟率为 51.7% ,体外受精卵裂率为 58.7% ,均极显著地低于黄牛(分别为 87.3%和 69.6% ,P<0 .0 1)。水牛卵母细胞经体外受精后 ,早期胚胎的体外发育速度较黄牛快 ,体外受精后的第 6d囊胚发育率占 36.4 % ,累计到第 7d时占 80 .7% ,极显著地高于黄牛 ( 57.6% ,P<0 .0 0 1)。水牛早期胚胎的体外囊胚发育率为 31.5% ,与黄牛的 ( 39.2 % )差异不显著 ;孵化囊胚率为 73.8% ,也与黄牛的相仿。实验结果表明 ,我所现行的牛 IVF程序应用于水牛的体外受精研究是有效、可行的 ,特别是早期胚胎的体外培养系统 ,已接近于黄牛的水平。但尚需设法提高水牛卵母细胞的体外成熟培养效果 ,以提高水牛体外受精的整体效率     

A bayesian model for the analysis of lactation curves of dairy goats

This article aims to determine the effect of certain covariates, such as season of kidding, parity, and time of kidding on the characteristics of the lactation curve of Saanen dairy goats. Characteristics investigated are peak milk yield, time of peak milk yield, total milk production, persistency, and the relationship between fat and protein in milk composition, as well as between lactation curves of the same animal in successive years. The analysis is carried out using a hierarchical Bayesian approach, together with Wood’s model, to model lactation. Posterior distributions of quantities of interest are obtained by means of the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. These clearly illustrate the significant effect of especially parity, but also season and time of kidding on the characteristics of the lactation curve. Total and peak milk yield increase with increasing parity up to about the third or fourth parity, while peak yield is later for first than for later parities. The analysis also enables estimation of lactation characteristics of untested animals, prediction of future characteristics and identification of exceptional animals.     

Recovery of cover-crop-N in the soil-plant system in the Guinea savannah zone of Ghana

In order to understand the efficiency of residue-N use and to estimate the minimum input required to obtain a reasonable level of crop response, it is important to quantify the fate of the applied organic-N. The recovery of N from ¹⁵N-labelled Crotalaria juncea was followed in the soil and the succeeding maize crop. Apparent N recovery (ANR) by maize from unlabelled Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria retusa, Calopogonium mucunoides, Mucuna pruriens and mineral fertilizer at three locations were also evaluated. The maize crop recovered 4.7% and 7.3% of the ¹⁵N-labelled C. juncea-N at 42 days after sowing (DAS) and at final harvest, respectively. The corresponding ¹⁵N recovery from the soil was 92.4% and 58.5%. The highest mean ANR of 57.4% was with mineral fertilizer, whereas the mean ANR of 14.3% from C. retusa was the lowest. A large pool substitution and added-N interaction effect was observed when comparing N recovery from the labelled and unlabelled C. juncea. The amount of residue-N accounted for by the isotope dilution method at 42 DAS was 97.1% and at final harvest 65.8%. The large residue-N recovery in the soil organic-N pool explains the residual effect usually observed with organic residue application.     

Nitrogen and carbon mineralisation of leather meal in soil as affected by particle size of fertiliser and microbiological activity of soil

Carbon and nitrogen mineralisation of leather meal fertilisers were studied in two soils characterised by different respiration activity. Both C and N mineralisation were highest in the most active soil, and when leather meal was added as a powder rather than as 2- to 4- and 4- to 6-mm particles. Fast and slow soluble N pools were determined after extraction with cold water and with hot buffer, respectively. The N remaining after the second extraction with hot buffer was named slow-release N. The percentage of slow-release N rose as the size of the applied leather meal particles increased, whereas fast soluble N was highest in the coarsest (4-6 mm) fertiliser.     

高次指数组合非线性模型在土壤侵蚀中的应用

土壤侵蚀是全球性的严重环境问题。揭示土壤侵蚀过程，建立土壤侵蚀模型将为土地合理利用规划、水土保持措施优化配置、水土流失监测及水土保持减水减沙效益评价等生产实践提供重要科学依据和技术工具。土壤侵蚀预报模型按建模方法可分为经验模型与物理模型等，其中，经验模型主要是基于土壤侵蚀观测资料，采取统计分析的方法模拟侵蚀产沙量与降雨、植被、土壤、地形等影响因子之间的关系。自1953年刘善建在国内首次建立了坡面土壤侵蚀预报方程以来，不同学者根据各地的实际情况，建立了诸多不同的土壤侵蚀经验模型。由于国内土壤侵蚀物理模型研究起步晚，还很不成熟，而经验模型在侵蚀预报中一直处于重要地位，继续强化对它的研究，无疑可以进一步满足水土流失定量评价及水土保持决策等不同生产实践的迫切需求。     

单时相双极化ENVISAT ASAR数据水稻识别

许多研究已表明合成孔径雷达(SAR)对水稻识别及作物长势监测很有潜力。但是，以往的研究多是采用单极化多时相SAR数据进行水稻监测的。该文本着探讨多极化方式的优势以及降低数据购买成本和减少数据处理量的目的，对单时相双极化的ENVISAT ASAR APP数据的水稻识别能力进行了评价。在水稻生长季节，获取了覆盖江苏洪泽县的ASAR APP时间序列数据。首先，分析比较不同地物的后向散射系数，选择出最能区分水稻与非水稻的单时相数据；然后，采用决策阈值法将水稻信息从图像中提取出来；最后，利用DGPS实测的样地数据对水稻识别进行精度验证。结果表明，利用水稻齐穗期至近成熟期的HH和VV极化的ENVISAT ASAR APP图像能较好区分水稻与非水稻， 水稻识别精度可达86％以上。     

Effect of bensulfuron-methyl (a sulfonylurea herbicide) on the soil bacterial community of a paddy soil microcosm

The effect of bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) on a soil microbial community in a model paddy microcosm was studied. Total bacterial numbers in the overlying water and surface soil were monitored for 2 months after the application of BSM at the field rate and a ten-fold field rate. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was used for comparison. Neither chemical affected the total bacterial numbers remarkably, either in the overlying water or in the surface soil. In contrast, the nitrification potential was significantly suppressed by the BSM application. The bacterial community structure, as evaluated by the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR amplification products from bacterial 16S rDNA, was unaffected by the BSM treatments over 8 weeks in the surface soil, compared with the control (no pesticide). In contrast, the surface soil exposed to PCP at a ten-fold field rate showed different patterns from the controls at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after application. The DGGE patterns of the overlying water were much more variable than those of the surface soil in any treatments. Cluster analysis showed that the BSM plots were classified within the same group as the control at 1 week after application and that the BSM and PCP plots from 2 weeks onward after application were grouped differently from the control. Of 22 clones excised from the DGGE gels, 20 clones belonged to the Proteobacteria and two belonged to the Verrucomicrobia. It was considered that the impact of BSM on the overall microbial community (total numbers, community structure of soil) was negligible, although BSM had an impact on some specific functions of the soil microbial community (nitrification) and a part of the community (overlying water).     

Distribution of light and heavy fractions of soil organic carbon as related to land use and tillage practice

Mass distributions of different soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions are influenced by land use and management. Concentrations of C and N in light- and heavy fractions of bulk soils and aggregates in 0–20 cm were determined to evaluate the role of aggregation in SOC sequestration under conventional tillage (CT), no-till (NT), and forest treatments. Light- and heavy fractions of SOC were separated using 1.85 g mL⁻¹ sodium polytungstate solution. Soils under forest and NT preserved, respectively, 167% and 94% more light fraction than those under CT. The mass of light fraction decreased with an increase in soil depth, but significantly increased with an increase in aggregate size. C concentrations of light fraction in all aggregate classes were significantly higher under NT and forest than under CT. C concentrations in heavy fraction averaged 20, 10, and 8 g kg⁻¹ under forest, NT, and CT, respectively. Of the total SOC pool, heavy fraction C accounted for 76% in CT soils and 63% in forest and NT soils. These data suggest that there is a greater protection of SOC by aggregates in the light fraction of minimally disturbed soils than that of disturbed soil, and the SOC loss following conversion from forest to agriculture is attributed to reduction in C concentrations in both heavy and light fractions. In contrast, the SOC gain upon conversion from CT to NT is primarily attributed to an increase in C concentration in the light fraction.     

Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil

Soil enzymes are linked to microbial functions and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems and are considered sensitive to soil disturbances. We investigated the effects of severe soil compaction and whole-tree harvesting plus forest floor removal (referred to as FFR below, compared with stem-only harvesting) on available N, microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN), and microbial biomass P (MBP), and dehydrogenase, protease, and phosphatase activities in the forest floor and 0–10 cm mineral soil in a boreal aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest soil near Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada. In the forest floor, no soil compaction effects were observed for any of the soil microbial or enzyme activity parameters measured. In the mineral soil, compaction reduced available N, MBP, and acid phosphatase by 53, 47, and 48%, respectively, when forest floor was intact, and protease and alkaline phosphatase activities by 28 and 27%, respectively, regardless of FFR. Forest floor removal reduced available P, MBC, MBN, and protease and alkaline phosphatase activities by 38, 46, 49, 25, and 45%, respectively, regardless of soil compaction, and available N, MBP, and acid phosphatase activity by 52, 50, and 39%, respectively, in the noncompacted soil. Neither soil compaction nor FFR affected dehydrogenase activities. Reductions in microbial biomass and protease and phosphatase activities after compaction and FFR likely led to the reduced N and P availabilities in the soil. Our results indicate that microbial biomass and enzyme activities were sensitive to soil compaction and FFR and that such disturbances had negative consequences for forest soil N and P cycling and fertility.     

长柄扁桃种子萌发特性的研究

以不同产地的长柄扁桃种子为材料,对其种子形态、吸水规律、发芽特性及不同处理对发芽率的影响以及经济性状进行了测定研究。结果表明:长柄扁桃种子无明显的生理休眠;光照对发芽无明显影响;20~25℃是发芽的最佳温度;神木长柄扁桃种子发芽要求的温度高于内蒙古长柄扁桃;150 mg.L-11~350 mg.L-1赤霉素浸种对其发芽率无显著影响,但可以加快发芽速度;质地紧密的木质化种壳是阻碍长柄扁桃发芽的最主要的因素;用机械破碎种壳可以显著地提高发芽势和发芽率;浓硫酸浸种4 h发芽率最高能达30%。