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61.
Ellis PD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1983,221(4616):1141-1146
Cadmium-113 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used in studies of the structure and dynamics of inorganic and bioinorganic molecules. Chemical dynamics play an important role in the analysis of relaxation and chemical shift data. Na?ve interpretations of relaxation data can be checked by performing these experiments at a variety of temperatures and magnetic field strengths. A combination of solid- and liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements can provide the user with unambiguous data on chemical shielding. These data can be used to characterize zinc and calcium ion binding sites in metalloproteins. 相似文献
62.
Ellis JW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1922,56(1446):315-316
63.
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65.
Ellis DV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,250(4977):82-87
Developed for the oil industry, well logging instrumentation based on electrical, acoustic, and nuclear measurements has been providing information about the localization and evaluation of hydrocarbon-bearing strata for petroleum geologists and engineers since 1927. This method of exploring properties of the earth's crust without taking physical samples is attracting a growing audience of geologists and geophysicists because of recent developments that permit nondestructive measurements of subsurface geochemistry. A combination of nuclear measurement techniques, which use gamma ray and neutron sources, can provide detailed information on rock composition of interest to both industry and academia. 相似文献
66.
Significant increases in pulping efficiency in C4H-F5H-transformed poplars: improved chemical savings and reduced environmental toxins 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Huntley SK Ellis D Gilbert M Chapple C Mansfield SD 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(21):6178-6183
The gene encoding ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H) was overexpressed in poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba) using the cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) promoter to drive expression specifically in cells involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway and was shown to significantly alter the mole percentage of syringyl subunits in the lignin, as determined by thioacidolysis. Analysis of poplar transformed with a C4H-F5H construct demonstrated significant increases in chemical (kraft) pulping efficiency from greenhouse-grown trees. Compared to wild-type wood, decreases of 23 kappa units and increases of >20 ISO brightness units were observed in trees exhibiting high syringyl monomer concentrations. These changes were associated with no significant modification in total lignin content and no observed phenotypic differences. C4H-F5H-transformed trees could increase pulp throughputs at mills by >60% while concurrently decreasing chemicals employed during processing (chemical pulping and bleaching) and, consequently, the amount of deleterious byproducts released into the environment. 相似文献
67.
Re-analysis with the bootstrap technique of species associational data obtained in 1973 at a waste discharge site showed that stations previously accepted as apparently similar could actually be significantly different. Two station pairs with almost identical similarities (Bray-Curtis Coefficients of 0.85 and 0.84) were found to be significantly different (P 0.040) in the first case, but not significantly different in the second (P 0.78). The significantly different pair reflected differences that can arise between sampling stations impacted by light deposits of mine tailings. The other clustered pair (not significantly different) comprised two depauperate stations that had received heavy tailings deposition. A similarity of 0.67 between samples obtained using two types of samplers (Van Veen and Ponar) at one station showed a significant difference (P 0.0002). This supported previous suspicion that the samplers were collecting differently, although this had not been demonstrated by the cluster analysis used in 1973. However the use of either sampler's data in the cluster analysis had only trivial effect on similarity levels, and no effect on the significance tests. 相似文献
68.
Results are given for an experiment in which direct drilling, shallow tine-cultivation and ploughing were compared on a silt loam soil over 7 years. A rotation of cereal and oilseed rape crops was established to minimise a possible interaction between disease, particularly take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis), and cultivation treatment. Over the six harvest years shallow tillage produced on average a 6 and 9% heavier yield than ploughing and direct drilling, respectively. The importance of surface soil conditions at the time of seedling establishment was clearly evident. In years when the passage of the direct drill caused little soil disturbance and seeds were placed in a smeared slot, and particularly when crop residues were pressed into the slot, plant populations were diminished and so were yields. The degree of soil shattering by the passage of the drill and the consequent friability of the tilth varied between the extremes of water content of the top soil (0–5 cm). Direct drilling produced larger yields relative to ploughing after the first three seasons and this may reflect the increased organic matter content and stability of the soil aggregates in the surface layer (0–2.5 cm) which have already been reported for this soil. These changes may have facilitated the greater friability of the soil and the creation of tilth by the passage of the drill which ensured uniform germination and rapid establishment of the seedlings.The site was characterised by variations in the depth of topsoil over gravel (< 50 to > 100 cm), and the deepest soil gave the heaviest yield. This effect was relatively greater in dry seasons but it never interacted with the effect of tillage method. 相似文献
69.
Exploring the spatial relations between cereal yield and soil chemical properties and the implications for sampling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract. In general, agricultural management has focused on differences between fields or on the gross differences within them. Recent developments in agricultural technology, yield mapping, Global Positioning Systems and variable rate applications, have made it possible to consider managing the considerable variation in soil and other properties within fields. This system is known as precision agriculture. More precise management of fields depends on a better understanding of the factors that affect crop input decisions. This paper examines the spatial variation in crop yield, soil nutrient status and soil pH within two agricultural fields using geostatistics. The observed properties vary considerably within each field. The relation between yield and the measured soil properties appears to be weak in general. However, the range of spatial correlation for yield, shown by the variogram, is similar to that of the soil chemical properties. In addition the latter changed little over two years. This suggests that information on the scale of variation of soil chemical properties can be derived from yield maps, which can also be used as a guide to a suitable sampling interval for soil properties. 相似文献
70.
Kim M. Plummer Sarah J. Clark Lana M. Ellis Ashwini Loganathan Taha H. Al-Samarrai Erik H.A. Rikkerink Patrick A. Sullivan Matthew D. Templeton Peter C. Farley 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2004,110(3):265-274
Peptidases have been implicated in the pathogenicity of fungi that cause disease in plants. Expression of the secreted aspartic peptidase gene (gcsap), of a Glomerella cingulata isolate pathogenic on apples, is induced during appressorium formation. To determine whether the secreted aspartic peptidase (GcSAP) is essential to pathogenicity, gcsap was disrupted using a vector containing a 637 bp fragment of genomic DNA that encodes the sequence spanning the two active site aspartic acid (Asp) residues. To ensure that the truncated gcsap gene products could not have residual peptidase activity the codons for the active site residues Asp112 and Asp297 were both mutated to histidine residues. Both PCR and Southern analysis confirmed disruption of gcsap. Neither gcsap mRNA nor GcSAP activity was detected in the disruption mutant. Pathogenicity tests on fruit from three apple cultivars showed that GcSAP was not required for pathogenicity. The disruption mutant grew on medium containing protein as the sole source of nitrogen because G. cingulata secretes a previously undetected peptidase(s). A serine peptidase that had a pH optimum between pH 7.0 and 8.0 and a K
m of 0.25 mM for the synthetic substrate succinyl-Ala–Ala–Pro–Phe-p-nitroanilide was identified. 相似文献