创造客厅的舒适优雅

如果想要装饰你的家,无论是完全重新装修,或者只是在外观上有所改变,都不妨遵循国际设计巨星提摩西·克里根的设计诀窍。从色彩、家具布置到灯光及配饰等一步步营造亲密的谈话空间,让舒适与优雅的设计元素出现在自己家中。     

A multi-field bio-economic model of irrigated grain-cotton farming systems

We present a participatory modelling framework that integrates information from interviews and discussions with farmers and consultants, with dynamic bio-economic models to answer complex questions on the allocation of limited resources at the farm business level. Interviews and discussions with farmers were used to: describe the farm business; identify relevant research questions; identify potential solutions; and discuss and learn from the whole-farm simulations. The simulations are done using a whole-farm, multi-field configuration of APSIM (APSFarm). APSFarm results were validated against farmers’ experience. Once the model was accepted by the participating farmers as a fair representation of their farm business, the model was used to explore changes in the tactical or strategic management of the farm and results were then discussed to identify feasible options for improvement.Here we describe the modelling framework and present an example of the application of integrative whole farm system tools to answer relevant questions from an irrigated farm business case study near Dalby (151.27E - 27.17S), Queensland, Australia. Results indicated that even though cotton crops generates more farm income per hectare a more diversified rotation with less cotton would be relatively more profitable, with no increase in risk, as a more cotton dominated traditional rotation. Results are discussed in terms of the benefits and constraints from developing and applying more integrative approaches to represent farm businesses and their management in participatory research projects with the aim of designing more profitable and sustainable irrigated farming systems.     

Linear programming can help identify practical solutions to improve the nutritional quality of food aid

OBJECTIVES: To assess the nutritional quality of food aid delivered by food banks in France and to identify practical modifications to improve it. DESIGN: National-level data were collected for all food aid distributed by French food banks in 2004, and its nutrient content per 2000 kcal was estimated and compared with French recommendations for adults. Starting with the actual donation and allowing new foods into the food aid donation, linear programming was used to identify the minimum changes required in the actual donation to achieve the French recommendations. RESULTS: French food-bank-delivered food aid does not achieve the French recommendations for dietary fibre, ascorbic acid, vitamin D, folate, magnesium, docosahexaenoic acid, alpha-linolenic acid and the percentage of energy from saturated fatty acids. Linear programming analysis showed that these recommendations are achievable if more fruits, vegetables, legumes and fish were collected and less cheese, refined cereals and foods rich in fat, sugar and/or salt. In addition, new foods not previously collected are needed, particularly nuts, wholemeal bread and rapeseed oil. These changes increased the total edible weight (42%) and economic value (55%) of the food aid donation, with one-third of its edible weight coming from fruits and vegetables, one-third from staples, one-quarter from dairy products and approximately a tenth from meat/fish/eggs. CONCLUSIONS: Important changes in the types and amounts of food collected will improve the nutritional quality of food-bank-delivered food aid in France. Such changes are recommended to improve the diets of deprived French populations.     

High-oleic peanuts are not different from normal peanuts in allergenic properties

High-oleic peanuts are known for a high content of oleic fatty acid. However, it is not known whether high-oleic peanuts are different from normal chemistry peanuts in levels of allergenicity and end-product adducts (i.e., products cross-linked with proteins). For this purpose, four different peanut cultivars (Florunner, Georgia Green, NC 9, and NC 2) were evaluated and compared with high-oleic peanuts (SunOleic 97R). Adducts such as AGE/CML from Maillard reactions and MDA/HNE from lipid oxidation were determined, respectively, in ELISA, using polyclonal antibodies. Allergenicity was determined based on IgE binding and T-cell proliferation. Results showed that raw high-oleic peanuts were not different from normal peanuts in adduct levels. After roasting, CML and HNE levels remained unchanged, but an increased and similar amounts of AGE adducts were found in all peanuts. MDA also increased but not in high-oleic peanuts. This suggests that high-oleic peanuts are more stable to lipid oxidation than others during heating. Despite this, high-oleic peanuts did not differ from normal peanuts in IgE binding and T-cell proliferation. It was concluded that a high content of oleic fatty acid has no effect on peanut allergenicity and that high-oleic peanuts do not give a higher or lower risk of allergy than normal peanuts.     

Nutrient relations and root mycorrhizal status of healthy and declining beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Southern Britain

Many studies have been carried out to investigate the wide scale problem of forest decline that is affecting vast numbers of trees throughout Europe and North American. Evidence of nutritional disturbances, both above- and below-ground, has been found for a variety of species. Furthermore, it has been suggested that differences in above-ground tree health are often reflected below ground, particularly in the root systems of declining trees. An investigation of root vitality, soil and leaf chemistry of healthy and unhealthy beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) was carried out at a number of sites in southern Britain, covering a range of different soil types. At each site, healthy and unhealthy trees growing in very close proximity were compared in order to avoid large scale environmental differences that might be expected when comparing stands of trees at different locations. Healthy trees were found to have significantly greater proportions of live mycorrhizal roots than their unhealthy neighbours at most of the sites investigated. In addition, significant differences in soil chemistry were found between trees in contrasting health, with healthy trees generally growing in soil containing higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium and potassium and lower aluminium/calcium ratios. Very few differences were found in leaf nutrient content, suggesting that soil chemistry is not yet limiting nutrient uptake. The importance of root system differences in the tolerance of unfavourable edaphic and climatic conditions is discussed with respect to tree health.     

The use of cytochemistry,immunophenotyping, flow cytometry,and in vitro differentiation to determine the ontogeny of a canine monoblastic leukemia

We evaluated the utility of cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, flow cytometry, and in vitro culture with forced differentiation of leukemic cells as diagnostic aids to identify the malignant cell ontogeny in a dog with leukemia. A tentative diagnosis of monoblastic leukemia was established by microscopic examination of Romanowsky-stained blood smears and bone marrow aspirate smears. This diagnosis also was supported by the light scatter signature that identified the blast cells as large, non-granular monocytic cells using a CellDyn 3500 automated hematology analyzer; as well as by the detection of N-butyrate esterase and the lack of choloroacetate esterase or leukocyte peroxidase by cytochemical staining. Subsequently, leukemic cells were isolated from the dog's peripheral blood and placed into tissue culture or cryopreserved. The leukemic cells grew in suspension cultures and proliferated spontaneously for up to 4 days. By day 7, proliferation was negligible. Upon culture with conditioned supernatant using mitogen-stimulated human T cells as a source of cytokines, an increased proportion of cells entered S phase by day 2 of culture; however, proliferation declined markedly by day 4, at which time the cells had apparently differentiated to adherent, vacuolated macrophages. The cytokine-stimulated leukemic cells were positive for the monocyte/macrophage specific markers alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, lysozyme, CD14, MHC class II, and calprotectin, an antigen found in differentiated macrophages and granulocytes. Despite the strong tendency of the leukemic cells towards monocytic differentiation, our results suggested that they retained some features of a myelomonocytic precursor. These data show that cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, flow cytometry, and in vitro differentiation of canine leukemia cells are useful tools for confirming the lineage of malignant hematopoietic cells.     

Annual variations in the diet of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Waitaki River and the demonstration channels, 1982–1986

The numbers of particular prey in stomach samples of juvenile chinook salmon varied between sites, months and years in two controlled flow demonstration channel sites and the mainstem lower Waitaki River. During 4 growing seasons, 1982–1986, Deleatidium, Aoteapsyche, Hydroptilidae, Elmidae, Chironomidae and Amphipoda were important components of the diet. Salmon also ate a variety of other items of aquatic and terrestrial origin. Diets were quite similar and tended to change in the same way in all sites simultaneously, perhaps in response to discharge. Smaller prey (Chironomidae, Hydroptilidae and early instar Aoteapsyche) were more numerous in stomach samples in seasons of lower, more stable, discharge. Fewer but larger prey were consumed during high flows. The salmon sampled in March 1986 originated from the high egg deposition of 1985 and grew during a season of low discharge. They were exceptionally small and their diet consisted of large numbers of small prey. There was no evidence of progressive annual changes in the habitat or the diet of salmon in the demonstration channels. However, it would be prudent to arrange for flow fluctuations that would be sufficient to flush finer substrate sediments in a controlled flow residual river, thus maintaining the diversity of prey for juvenile salmon.     

Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in horses.

Intercoccygeal, or caudal, epidural injection of local anesthetics is a convenient method of producing analgesia and local anesthesia of the tail and perineal structures in conscious standing horses. This technique has been further developed to provide long duration analgesia and anesthesia by placement of catheters into the epidural space of horses. More recently, opioid, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, ketamine and other analgesic agents have been administered by caudal epidural injection, providing pain relief in both conscious, standing and anesthetized, recumbent horses. This chapter describes the development of different anesthetic and analgesic epidural techniques in horses, methods for epidural injection and catheterization, and reviews the current literature related to epidural analgesia and pain control in horses.