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71.
72.
Ludewig E Gensler A Oechtering G Gosch D 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2010,123(11-12):506-515
Radiation exposure of body parts of persons, needed to restrain small animal during the examination, varies depending on the distance and position in relation to the patient, the region investigated, and the exposure settings applied. The aim of the study was to quantify the effects of these factors on the ambient dose. The dosimeter was positioned with varying distance from the direct beam (from 30 to 150 cm) and on different level above the floor (55 cm, 85 cm, and 150 cm. The study consisted of two parts. In the first part a plastic water tank (thickness: 18 cm) was used as source of scatter radiation. Different exposure settings (77 kVp; 20 - 10 - 5 - 2.5 - 1.25 mAs) were applied. In the second part dose was measured during the examination of the abdomen of a large dog (thickness: 18 cm; 77 kVp, 20 mAs) and of the skull of a cat (thickness: 6 cm; 55 kVp, 20 mAs). At the level of the patient (85 cm above the floor) the dose decline relative to the distance followed a quadratic function. In the series "abdomen-dog" the mean dose values ranged from 51.6 microSv (30 cm distance) to 1.02 microSv (150 cm distance). The corresponding doses for the series "skull-cat" were 0.98 microSv and 0.02 microSv, respectively. Comparably lower doses were measured on the lines along the table, when non-irradiated parts of the body were located between the exposed patient volume and the dosimeter. At 150 cm above the floor higher doses were observed relative to the doses at the level of the table. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1.) Depending on the target volume the ambient dose varies in a wide range. (2.) An increase of the distance of only few centimetres is reducing exposure considerably. Therefore persons should make use of it whenever this is possible. (3.) Persons should stand on the short sides of the table while fixing the patient. (4.) Head and neck are relatively highly exposed. Methods to protect the thyroid gland and the eye lens are indicated. (5.) Since different exposure levels can be applied in digital radiography, the range of dose levels is rather wide. Therefore strict dose discipline (e.g. by use of exposure tables and dose indicators) is necessary to avoid continuing overexposure. 相似文献
73.
Darío Martín-Benito Miren Del Río Ingo Heinrich Gerhard Helle Isabel Cañellas 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010
Thinning is the main forestry measure to increase tree growth by reducing stand tree density and competition for resources. A thinning experiment was established in 1993 on a 32-year-old Pinus nigra Arn. stand in central Spain. The response of growth, climate-growth relationships and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) to a stand density reduction were compared between moderate thinned plots and a control plot by a combined analysis of basal area increments (BAI), and C and O stable isotope ratios (δ13Cc and δ18Oc). BAI in the control plot showed a decreasing trend that was avoided by thinning in the thinned plot. Thinning also partially buffered tree-ring response to climate and trees were less sensitive to precipitation although more sensitive to temperature. Δ13Cc in the thinned plot was not modified indicating that stomatal conductance (g) and photosynthetic capacity (A) did not change or change in the same direction. However, δ18Oc decreased in the control plot (unrelated to δ18O of precipitation) but not in the thinned plot, suggesting a relative increase of temperature and irradiance and/or a decrease of air humidity after reducing the density consistent with an increase in A, g and BAI. As WUEi did not increase in the thinned plot, faster growth in this plot was caused by higher abundance of resources per tree. The trend of WUEi in both plots indicated low-moderate CO2-induced improvements. Thinning might be a useful adaptation measure against climate change in these plantations reducing their vulnerability to droughts. However, because WUEi was not affected, the positive growth response might be limited if droughts and warming continue and certain thresholds are exceeded. 相似文献
74.
Ley JP Dessoy M Paetz S Blings M Hoffmann-Lücke P Reichelt KV Krammer GE Pienkny S Brandt W Wessjohann L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(25):6303-6311
Starting from previous structure-activity relationship studies of taste modifiers based on homoeriodictyol, dihydrochalcones, deoxybenzoins, and trans-3-hydroxyflavones as obvious analogues were investigated for their masking effect against caffeine. The most active compounds of the newly investigated taste modifiers were phloretin, the related dihydrochalcones 3-methoxy-2',4,4'-trihydroxydihydrochalcone and 2',4-dihydroxy-3-methoxydihydrochalcone, and the deoxybenzoin 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone. Starting with the whole set of compounds showing activity >22%, a (Q)SAR pharmacophore model for maskers of caffeine bitterness was calculated to explain the structural requirements. After docking of the pharmacophore into a structural model of the broadly tuned bitter receptor hTAS2R10 and docking of enterolactone and enterodiol as only very weakly related structures, it was possible to predict qualitatively their modulating activity. Enterodiol (25 mg L(-1)) reduced the bitterness of the 500 mg L(-1) caffeine solution by about 30%, whereas enterolactone showed no masking but a slight bitter-enhancing effect. 相似文献
75.
Thomas Alter Rita Margarete Weber Ahmad Hamedy Gerhard Glünder 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,147(1-2):90-95
Nineteen flocks of four poultry species were monitored at a veterinary field station to investigate the distribution and spread of Campylobacter genotypes between sequential and adjacent flocks. Caecal and liver samples were obtained at frequent intervals from birds of all flocks and examined for Campylobacter. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was performed to genotype Campylobacter isolates. Of the 1643 caecal and liver samples investigated, 452 (27.5%) caecal samples and 11 (0.7%) liver samples contained Campylobacter. Of the caecal isolates 76.3% were identified as Campylobacter jejuni and 23.7% were identified as Campylobacter coli. Poultry flocks were largely colonized by more than one AFLP type and an intense exchange of Campylobacter genotypes between different poultry flocks occurred. These findings indicate that multiple genotypes can constitute the Campylobacter population within single poultry flocks, hinting to different sources of exposure and/or genetic drifts within the Campylobacter population. Nevertheless, in most flocks single Campylobacter genotypes predominated. Some strains superseded others resulting in colonization by successive Campylobacter genotypes during the observation period. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that the large genetic diversity of Campylobacter must be considered in epidemiological evaluations and microbial risk assessments of Campylobacter in poultry. 相似文献
76.
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78.
Adrian Boswood Sonya G. Gordon Jens Häggström Martin Vanselow Gerhard Wess Rebecca L. Stepien Mark A. Oyama Bruce W. Keene John Bonagura Kristin A. MacDonald Mark Patteson Sarah Smith Philip R. Fox Karen Sanderson Richard Woolley Viktor Szatmári Pierre Menaut Whitney M. Church M. Lynne O'Sullivan Jean-Philippe Jaudon Jan-Gerd Kresken John Rush Kirstie A. Barrett Steven L. Rosenthal Ashley B. Saunders Ingrid Ljungvall Michael Deinert Eric Bomassi Amara H. Estrada Maria J. Fernandez Del Palacio N. Sydney Moise Jonathan A. Abbott Yoko Fujii Alan Spier Michael W. Luethy Roberto A. Santilli Masami Uechi Anna Tidholm Christoph Schummer Philip Watson 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2020,34(3):1108-1118
79.
80.
Gerhard Röbbelen 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1976,26(1-3):149-166
Zusammenfassung Der steigende Bedarf an Nahrungs- und Futtermitteln, vermehrt durch erhöhte Ansprüche, löste in den letzten Jahrzehnten verstärkte Bemühungen zur züchterischen Qualitätsverbesserung pflanzlicher Grundprodukte aus. Diese Entwicklung ist grundsätzlich keineswegs neu. Bereits aus den Anfängen einer bewußten Pflanzenzüchtung lassen sich dafür zahlreiche Beispiele anführen. Neu aber ist die züchterische Effizienz, mit der heute die Verbesserung von sogenannten inneren Qualitätsmerkmalen betrieben werden kann. Das beruht einerseits auf dem enormen Fortschritt der analytischen Technik, der die Durchmusterung riesiger Anzahlen von Pflanzenmustern in kurzer Zeit mit niedrigen Kosten und sehr kleinen Probenmengen (oft nur Teilen eines Samens) ermöglichte. Andererseits stellen große internationale Sammlungen im Netzwerk der Genbanken solchen Untersuchungen eine bis dahin kaum erreichbare Vielfalt an Genotypen zur Verfügung. Diese kann durch laufende Verbesserungen in der Kunst der experimentellen Mutationsauslösung zunehmend verbreitert werden. Nicht unwichtig sind für den Pflanzenzüchter in vielen Fällen neue Erkenntnisse über beteiligte stoffwechselreaktionen oder Biogeneseschritte der qualitätsbestimmenden Stoffgruppen, wenngleich hier für besser gezielte züchterische Eingriffe noch viel zu tun bleibt. Zuchtmethodisch ist neben anderen Problemen die Frage zu klären, ob der zumeist unzureichende Erfolg der z.Zt. vorwiegend verwendeten drastischen, einfach vererbten Qualitätsmutanten, wie deropaque-Mutante vom Mais oder der Hiproly-Mutante von Gerste, auf eben dieser qualitativen Natur beruht und man sich als Züchter auf lange Sicht nicht mehr auf quantitative, polygen bedingte Merkmalsänderungen stützen sollte. Unentbehrlich schließlich sind für die Qualitätszüchtung langfristig vorausbestimmte Züchtungsprioritäten, die auch noch nach Abschluß der Zuchtarbeiten, d.h. 10–15 Jahren, Gültigkeit haben und die den neuen Sorten dann einen ausreichend breiten Anbau und Markt sicherstellen. Bei den sich laufend erweiternden Erkenntnissen über den Komplex Ernährung sowie den oft rapiden marktwirtschaftlichen Fluktuationen ist diese Grundforderung einer erfolgreichen Qualitätszüchtung heute nicht immer erfüllt. Dementsprechend spielt in der landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugung nach wie vor die Quantität die überragende und die innere Qualität der erzeugten Produkte gewöhnlich nur eine untergeordnete Rolle.
Vortrag, gehalten auf der gemeinsamen Tagung der Internationalen Vereinigung zur Erforschung der Qualität von Nahrungspflanzen (CIQ) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Qualitätsforschung (Pflanzliche Nahrungsmittel) e.V. (DGQ) in Wädenswil/Schweiz am 7. Oktober 1975. 相似文献
Manipulations of quality traits by plant breeding — Challenge and problems
Polyploidy, giant growth, and allometric development contributed to the improvement of nutritive quality in cultivated plants since their first origin. But only recently, rapid progress in biochemical analytical techniques, in the evaluation and induction of genetic variability, and in the understanding of underlying physiological processes, gave way to an enormous increase in intensity and efficiency in the field of breeding for quality. The specific methodology of this kind of selection, however, still lacks much essential knowledge and the same holds true for nutritional data, which are basic for the formulation of valid breeding aims.
Vortrag, gehalten auf der gemeinsamen Tagung der Internationalen Vereinigung zur Erforschung der Qualität von Nahrungspflanzen (CIQ) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Qualitätsforschung (Pflanzliche Nahrungsmittel) e.V. (DGQ) in Wädenswil/Schweiz am 7. Oktober 1975. 相似文献