油松大蚜的种群动态、有效积温及防治

通过野外调查和室内不同温度下饲养观察,对油松大蚜(Cinara formosana)生活史、种群动态、有效积温、天敌、物候预测和化学防治进行了研究。结果表明:油松大蚜1年可发生8代,6月中旬分化出有翅孤雌蚜并扩散,10月上旬性蚜交配产卵,以卵越冬;油松大蚜种群数量1年内有2个高峰期,分别在6月上旬和9月上旬,8月上旬—8月中旬种群数量最低;油松大蚜不同虫态的发生与山桃(Prunus davidiana)、连翘(Forsythia suspense)、龙爪槐(Sophora japonica)和火炬树(Rhus typhina)的一些物候相吻合,可通过观察这些植物的物候来预测油松大蚜各虫态发生情况;油松大蚜优势天敌依次为异色瓢虫(Leis axyridis)、七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata)、蚜茧蜂(未鉴定);油松大蚜4个龄期的若虫及全世代的发育起点温度分别为4.5、6.7、5.9、7.7、3.1℃,有效积温分别为48.6、49.3、67.4、62.7、291.7日·度;胶带-药膜法防治油松大蚜效果显著,14 d后处理区校正虫口减退率可达80%以上。     

不同施磷方式对海岛棉农艺性状及产量的影响

在新疆生态条件下,采用海岛棉新海35号研究同等用量3种施磷方式(犁地前全部撒施、犁地前撒施50%与作种肥施50%和全部作种肥施)对棉花农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明:施磷方式对棉花生育进程的影响较小,各处理对新海35号棉花的农艺性状没有显著性的影响,P1处理可略为提高棉花花铃期叶面积指数,其中P1处理会略提高棉花后期的干物质积累量,以P1、P2处理的方式施磷肥,棉花的单株结铃数可提高4%~7%皮棉产量可提高12%~14.8%。     

The dynamics of bacterial community in a polyculture aquaculture system of Penaeus chinensis,Rhopilema esculenta and Sinonovacula constricta

Polyculture with Chinese shrimp Penaeus chinensis, jellyfish Rhopilema esculenta and razor clam Sinonovacula constricta (S.J.R) is a common aquaculture system in Dandong, China. Investigation on the composition and function of microbial communities and their relationship with environmental factors in aquaculture systems have crucial implications. Therefore, the sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was applied to profile the bacterial community composition of water and sediment in S.J.R polyculture system in the present study. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in S.J.R polyculture ponds following with Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes in water; in contrast, more diverse phyla were detected in sediments. Water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were determined the bacterial community composition in the S.J.R polyculture systems. Specially, Planktomarina, PS1 clade, Candidatus Aquiluna and Fibrobacteres, which can resist the phytoplankton blooms or degrade the cellulose, were more abundant in water at the early stage of cultivation in the S.J.R polyculture system. Moreover, the functions of bacterial communities in water were mainly associated with cell communication mediated, while the functions related to basal metabolism were enriched in sediments. The findings of this study allowed us to better understand the bacterial community in the S.J.R polyculture system and accumulated data for the improvement of cultural management.     

GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN ROOT MORPHOLOGY AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE KINETICS IN BRASSICA NAPUS UNDER LOW PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is important in crop production because of the low bioavailability of phosphorus to plants in both acidic and calcareous soils. Although rapeseed (Brassica napus) is generally sensitive to P deficiency, different cultivars differ widely in this respect. Differences in P uptake and utilization between two rapeseed cultivars, one P-efficient (‘97081’) and one P-inefficient (‘97009’), were evaluated in solution culture by studying the changes in root morphology and parameters of P uptake kinetics in response to low-P stress. The P-efficient cultivar had lower Km and Cmin values and higher Vmax and developed longer and denser lateral root hair with greater number of root tips and branches under low-P stress, which resulted in a better developed root system and more efficient uptake of P. That, in turn, led to higher concentration and accumulation of P in the plants, culminating in higher biomass production. However, P utilization efficiency (biomass production per unit P accumulated in plant) of the P-efficient ‘97081’ was lower than that of ‘97009’ when P was deficient. These results suggest that P efficiency in rapeseed is due to a better developed root system as well as efficient uptake of P.     

利用SAR影像与多光谱数据反演广域土壤湿度

针对基于主动微波遥感途径开展广域土壤湿度反演的过程中,对植被和土壤粗糙度影响难以进行有效估算的问题,该研究联合多极化雷达和原始多光谱数据源,提出一种改进的卷积神经网络(Improved Convolutional Neural Network,ICNN)方法。该方法采用不同尺寸的卷积核对原始变量进行一维卷积运算,自适应提取能反映测区土壤湿度时空差异的高级特征维;同时,去除了传统卷积神经网络结构中的池化层,保证提取的特征信息完整。试验结果表明,在边长超过100 km的四川盆地研究区域内,模型预测值与样本数据相关系数达到0.934,预测值偏差服从均值趋近于0的正态分布,均方根误差为1.45%,误差分布范围小于6.3%,结果具有较高的可靠性。该方法可为精准农业、旱涝灾害等领域的广域监测研究提供一定的支撑。     

基于MFO-LSTM的母猪发情行为识别

及时准确识别母猪的发情行为可以有效增加受胎率和产仔量,对提高养殖企业的繁育水平和经济效益具有重要意义。该研究针对生猪养殖过程中母猪发情行为识别存在主观性强、智能化水平低、假警报和错误率高、识别不及时等问题,提出了一种基于飞蛾扑火算法(Moth-Flame Optimization,MFO)优化长短时记忆网络(Long Short Term Memory,LSTM)的母猪发情行为识别方法。利用安装在母猪颈部的姿态传感器获得母猪姿态数据,然后使用姿态数据训练MFO-LSTM姿态分类模型,将母猪姿态分为立姿、卧姿和爬跨3类。通过对姿态分类结果进行分析,确定以爬跨行为和活动量2个特征作为发情行为识别依据,使用MFO-LSTM分类算法判断母猪是否发情。以山西省太原市杏花岭区五丰养殖场的试验数据对该方法进行验证,结果表明,该方法在以30 min为发情行为识别时间时的识别效果最好,发情行为识别的错误率为13.43%,召回率为90.63%,特效性为81.63%,与已有的母猪发情行为识别方法相比错误率降低了80%以上。该方法在保证识别准确率的情况下有效降低了错误率,可满足母猪养殖生产过程中发情行为自动识别要求。     

京津风沙源区生态保护与建设工程对防风固沙服务功能的影响

[目的] 评价京津风沙源生态保护与建设工程自2000年启动实施近20 a以来的防风固沙效应,以指导工程二期的实施。[方法] 选取植被覆盖度、风蚀量和防风固沙服务功能保有率等指标进行分析。[结果] 京津风沙源区以草地为主,其次为林地和农田;工程实施以来,多年平均土壤风蚀量为7.87×10⁸ t,以微度和轻度侵蚀为主;一期工程实施期间的土壤风蚀量总体呈逐年减小趋势,二期工程实施以来,风沙源区遭受风蚀危害又逐渐加重,尤其是沙化草原亚区,该区风蚀模数变化趋势达到了8.96 t/（hm²·a）;就防风固沙服务功能保有率而言,整个风沙源区均值达到了0.82,低值区主要分布于沙化草原亚区（0.743）和晋北山地丘陵亚区（0.752）;二期工程实施以来,大部分区域保有率均显著提升,这与二期工程实施期间全年及冬春季的植被覆盖度变化情况一致。[结论] 京津风沙源的风蚀防治区重点在保有率下降区域和以草地和沙地为主的沙化草原亚区、浑善达克沙地亚区和科尔沁沙地亚区。     

基于物联网的生猪运动行为及猪舍环境远程监控系统

In intensive and large-scale livestock breeding, how to evaluate welfare of each individual effectively has become one hotspot of welfare breeding.In this study, a remote monitor system based on computer vision technology and wireless sensor networks was proposed.In the system, pig videos in the piggery were captured by IP cameras and transmitted remotely to PC systems for objects tracking and trajectory extraction, and the piggery environmental data such as temperature, humidity and harmful gases were collected by wireless sensor networks(WSN) nodes.Traditional Camshift tracking algorithm was improved.The average root mean square errors of traditional and improved algorithm were 78.07 and 32.29, indicating the improved algorithm reduced error and improved tracking stability.The results of the real-time monitoring of environmental parameters by WSN showed that the hydrogen and ammonia concentrations, and the ambient temperature were all kept in the normal range, while the carbon dioxide concentration was exceeded, and the air humidity was slightly high.Through data mining, precise welfare monitoring and breeding management were realized.     

密云水库上游流域次降雨坡面产流产沙特征

以北京市密云县石匣小流域为研究区,利用2006-2010年连续5 a的坡面径流试验小区观测资料,运用统计方法,分析了密云水库上游流域的降雨、产流产沙特征以及在不同土地利用和不同坡度条件下,降雨量、降雨强度与产流、产沙之间的关系。结果表明:1)该研究区域水土保持治理措施实施的关键时间为每年的7、8月份,当降雨量大于10 mm时,应注意采取水土保持措施;2)在裸地、耕地和林地条件下,高雨量、中雨强型降雨为导致产流、产沙的主要雨型,在草地条件下,中雨量、高雨强型降雨为导致产流、产沙的主要雨型;3)中雨量高雨强型降雨条件下,林地的减流效益最好,低雨量低雨强型降雨和高雨量中雨强型降雨条件下,耕地的减流效益相对较低,草地和林地的减流效益差异不大;在3种不同雨型条件下,耕地、草地和林地的减沙效益差别不大;4)裸地条件下,降雨量与产流量间的关系更为密切,尤其在14.4°坡面下相关性最高;耕地条件下,产流量与降雨量的相关性较好,产沙量则与降雨强度的相关性较好,11.4°的坡面产流量、产沙量与降雨因子间的相关系数最高;草地条件下,降雨强度与产流量间的关系较为密切;林地条件下,产流量、产沙量与降雨因子间的相关性均不显著。研究结果可为密云水库上游水土保持措施及农业面源污染管理措施的科学实施提供依据。     

灌水量和时期对不同品种冬小麦产量和耗水特性的影响

为明确品种更替过程中冬小麦的耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的变化规律,以及对水分胁迫的响应,于2010-2012两个生长季选取河南中北部建国以来不同年代的7个主栽品种为试验材料,在田间设置三个水分处理下(W0,返青后不灌水;W1,拔节期灌水;W2,拔节和灌浆期分别灌水),研究了冬小麦的耗水特性、产量构成因素、收获指数和水分利用效率的变化过程。研究结果表明:在冬小麦更替过程中,冬小麦总耗水和土壤贮水消耗与年代差异不显著,而受降雨和灌溉影响较大。从20世纪50年代至现在,90年代及以后的冬小麦品种千粒重在41g以上,明显高于早期品种。两年生长季冬小麦籽粒产量增加58.4%和41.8%,平均每次更替增加396和362kg/hm2;收获指数增加37.0%和18.0%,平均每次更替增加0.2和0.1;WUE增加55.3%和40.8%,平均每次更替增加0.11和0.10kg/m3。现代品种源、库关系得到改善,千粒重大幅度增加和收获指数增加是籽粒产量提高的主要原因。籽粒产量和WUE由品种和水分互作效应决定,在拔节期和灌浆期灌水可明显提高籽粒产量水平,并在一定程度上提高了水分利用效率。