基于RAPD标记的福建省稻曲病菌遗传多样性分析

为了解福建省稻曲病菌群体的遗传多样性和遗传组成,应用随机扩增多态性RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA)技术分析了来自福建省不同水稻种植区的102个稻曲病菌(Ustilaginoidea virens)的遗传多样性.从100条随机引物中筛选出10条扩增带清晰、重复性好的引物进行稻曲病菌多态性扩增,共扩增出157条带,多态性条带比率为82.17％,遗传距离变化范围为0.02～0.67.遗传多样性分析表明,福建省稻曲病菌具有丰富的遗传多样性,相对于其它地区而言,福建闽西地区分离的菌株遗传多样性水平最高PPB=76.43,H=0.2212,I=0.3383),晚稻分离的菌株群体遗传多样性(PPB=91.08,H=0.2402,I=0.3655)高于早稻群体(PPB=63.06,H=0.1892,I=0.2870).聚类分析显示,在遗传距离0.349水平上,供试的所有菌株可被划分成7个遗传聚类组(R1～R7),聚类组R1为优势聚类组,包含有80个菌株,其内又存有一些亚组.这些菌株的聚类与菌株的地理来源及水稻品种无明显相关性.但是在遗传距离0.330水平上,来自宁化的10个菌株可被明显划分成早稻群体和晚稻群体.初步分析认为菌株的地理来源、水稻品种及其生长季节是影响福建省稻曲病菌遗传多样性的主要因素,在稻曲病菌的遗传变异以及该病的发生和流行中可能起重要的作用.     

两种激活处理促进小鼠孤雌胚胎原核形成

不同人工处理方法激活哺乳动物卵母细胞的机理相似,但其激活效率存在差异。本研究以昆明（KM）、129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1雌鼠来源的卵母细胞为对象,利用氯化锶（SrCl2,Sr2＋）联合细胞松弛素B（cytochalasin B,CB）（Sr2＋＋CB）和离子霉素（ionomycin,Ion）联合6-二甲胺基嘌呤（6-dimethylaminopurine,6-DMAP）（Ion＋6-DMAP）两种激活方法处理下对比分析不同品系小鼠卵母细胞的激活效率,并以卵母细胞原核形成率、原核数量和孤雌胚胎体外发育来评价两种激活剂的激活效率。研究结果表明,Ion＋6-DMAP激活卵的1原核比率显著高于2原核（p〈0.05）,Sr2＋＋CB激活卵的2原核比率显著高于1原核（p〈0.05）;KM、129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1各组孤雌胚胎卵裂率和激活率没有显著差异（P〉0.05）,但129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1囊胚发育率显著高于KM组（p〈0.05）。3种小鼠品系的卵母细胞用Sr2＋＋CB处理的孤雌胚胎发育率显著高于Ion＋6-DMAP。结果证明,Sr2＋＋CB处理小鼠卵母细胞的激活效率明显优于Ion＋6-DMAP;129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1的孤雌胚胎体外发育率显著高于KM小鼠,为研究小鼠遗传背景影响孤雌胚胎发育的机理提供参考。     

浅谈网络环境下高校图书馆馆员的信息素质教育

阐述了信息素质教育的涵义,探讨了图书馆馆员信息素质教育的重要性及现状,指出了图书馆馆员信息素质教育的构成、主要内容和实现图书馆馆员信息素质教育的途径。     

3种改良剂对油菜生物量及其吸收重金属的影响

通过连续三季盆栽试验研究粉煤灰、膨润土、腐殖酸提高油菜生物量,降低油菜Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn浓度的效果。结果表明,膨润土、腐殖酸、粉煤灰的施入提高油菜生物量的效果第二季好于第一、三季。仅考虑对生物量的影响,改良剂效果为膨润土>腐殖酸>粉煤灰。第二季膨润土降低油菜Cd浓度效果较好;第二季粉煤灰、第二季膨润土及第二、三季腐殖酸降低油菜Pb浓度效果较好,3种改良剂均有降低油菜中Pb浓度的效果;3种改良剂均未显著影响油菜中Cu浓度;第二季膨润土降低油菜Zn浓度效果较好。3种改良剂抑制土壤重金属进入油菜的效果不同,应用时可根据改良剂特点适时施入土壤,充分发挥改良剂吸附、固定重金属的作用。     

华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田能量闭合状况分析

对华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田连续3a(2003-11-2006-10)涡度相关观测的能量闭合状况进行综合分析,并探讨下垫面对能量闭合程度的影响.结果表明,能量平衡比率(EBR)日变化规律明显,以昼夜交替时波动最大,下午略高于上午,白天能量闭合状况明显优于夜间.将湍流能的相位提前0.5h,湍流通量和有效能的匹配度及能量闭合程度均得到提高.白天EBR呈秋冬高(分别为0.98和0.94)、春夏低(分别为0.85和0.70)的季节变化特征,EBR的波动幅度依次为:夏＞秋＞冬＞春.下垫面状况对地表能量闭合程度影响显著,裸地阶段、小麦季和玉米季的年均白天EBR分别为1.11、0.94和0.74,小麦季的能量闭合状况优于玉米季;EBR波动幅度依次为:裸地阶段＞玉米季＞小麦季.观测期间,白天EBR年均值范围在0.82 ～0.97,平均0.89,较好地满足了农田通量观测对数据质量的要求.     

工作压力对滴灌管迷宫流道灌水器水力性能的影响

降低滴灌系统灌水器工作压力有望成为减少滴灌系统能耗以及运行费用的一种有效途径,但目前低压灌水器还十分少见。基于此,选取了国内应用较为广泛的5种典型迷宫流道灌水器,分析了不同工作压力区间对灌水器水力性能及消能特征的影响。结果表明：5种灌水器在低压条件下运行对于灌水器流量系数Kd和流态指数x具有一定影响,但对于流态指数x的影响未达显著水平。同一流道类型的灌水器流量系数Kd与无量纲数A/L2呈显著的线性相关关系,不同流道类型之间差异显著。5种灌水器流道内流态为紊流,未发生流态转捩行为,采用常规管道流态转捩雷诺数2200去判断流道内流态是不合适的。     

Characterization of geosmin as source of earthy odor in different aroma type Chinese liquors

Earthy odor is one of the most frequent and serious causes for the aroma deterioration in Chinese liquor, which causes a dirty and dusty impression. The odor in Chinese liquor is similar to that of rice husk, one kind of auxiliary material widely used as a filler in the distillation process. So it is experientially hypothesized that such odor may derive from rice husk. In this paper, the gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) technique and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to discover and identify the characteristic odoriferous zone of Chinese liquor marked by earthy odor. Geosmin was found to be responsible for this odor. The levels of the compound in ten bottled liquors and thirty liquors aging for different years belonging to four different aroma types were determined by the optimized headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method. Quantitative analysis of bottled liquor revealed the presence of geosmin in all aroma type liquors with concentrations ranging from 1.10 μg/L to 9.90 μg/L, except for strong-aroma type liquor. Meanwhile in the aged liquors belonging to the same aroma type, geosmin was detected with significant concentrations and high odor activity values (OAVs) during different years of aging. However, geosmin was not detected in steamed rice husk nor in nonsteamed rice husk, which suggests that rice husk is not the origin of earthy odor in Chinese liquor, and there may be another origin of it during the brewing process.     

Screening of danofloxacin residue in bovine tissue by terbium-sensitized luminescence on c18 sorbent strips

Danofloxacin (DANO) residue in bovine muscle was screened at 200 ng/g by terbium-sensitized luminescence (TSL) directly measured on 10 × 6 mm C18 sorbent strips. The analyte was first adsorbed on sorbent surface by immersion in defatted homogenates. After reagent application and desiccation, TSL was directly measured on sorbent surfaces at λ(ex) = 273 nm and λ(em) = 546 nm. The luminescence intensity was linearly dependent on DANO concentration in the 0-1000 ng/g range (R(2) = 0.9967). A threshold was established at x(200) - 3σ(200), where x(200) and σ(200) are the mean and standard deviation, respectively, of the DANO signals at 200 ng/g. Among 48 blind samples randomly fortified at 0-1000 ng/g, 45 were screened correctly and 3 negative samples were presumed positive. This simple screening protocol has the potential to significantly reduce sample numbers and hence improve sample throughput and save assay costs.     

Identification of new strawberry sulfur volatiles and changes during maturation

Two Florida strawberry cultivars, 'Strawberry Festival' and 'Florida Radiance', were harvested at five fruit developmental stages (white, half red, three-quarter red, full ripe, and overripe) at four harvest dates. A static headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling technique coupled with gas chromatography (GC) using pulsed flame photometric detection (PFPD) was employed to measure 16 sulfur volatiles in these strawberries. A total of 7 sulfur volatiles have been previously reported, and 9 are reported for the first time in strawberries. Newly identified sulfur volatiles include methyl thiopropionate, ethyl thiobutanoate, methyl thiohexanoate, methyl (methylthio)acetate, ethyl (methylthio)acetate, methyl 2-(methylthio)butyrate, methyl 3-(methylthio)propionate, ethyl 3-(methylthio)propionate, and methyl thiooctanoate. Identifications were based on matching sulfur peak linear retention indexes (LRIs) of unknowns with authentic standards and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data. Concentrations were determined using both internal and external standards. Most sulfur volatiles increased with increasing maturity, with only concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol remaining relatively consistent at all five stages. At the white and half red stages, most sulfur volatiles consisted of various alkyl sulfides. At three-quarter red (commercial ripe), full ripe, and overripe stages, the majority of sulfur volatiles consisted of sulfur esters. Most sulfur volatiles increased dramatically between the commercial ripe, full ripe, and overripe stages, increasing as much as 100% between full ripe and overripe. Principal component analysis indicated that sulfur volatiles could be used to distinguish overripe from full ripe and commercial ripe berries.     

磷在潮土肥际微域中的迁移和转化

采用室内土柱实验研究了磷在潮土肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化。结果表明,磷在潮土中的移动距离很短,经过7 d和28 d的迁移,磷的迁移距离仅为8～14 mm。施入的磷主要固定在紧靠施肥点2 mm土体范围内,随距施肥点距离的增加,土壤水溶性磷、酸溶性磷和有效磷的含量呈指数曲线迅速降低。磷在施肥后7 d内的迁移量较大,迁移进入土壤的磷绝大部分被吸附固定。施肥量对不同形态磷在肥际微域中的迁移量产生显著影响;但培养时间只明显影响了水溶性磷的迁移量。