田间光照条件下应用半球图像解析玉米冠层结构参数

半球图像法是一种重要的作物冠层结构参数间接获取方法,该文针对半球图像法易受田间变化光照影响,提出一种基于多曝光图像融合映射的变化光照去除方法。首先,在田间条件下获取一组不同曝光值的冠层半球图像序列,然后通过图像亮度和曝光时间的线性方程组计算冠层的光照辐射强度图,而后采用直方图均衡化思想将不同时刻光照辐射强度图向RGB空间映射,映射后半球图像亮度均衡分布,消除光线变化对图像亮度的影响。在冠层参数解析阶段,利用Beer-Lambert定律反演玉米半球图像冠层叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)和平均叶倾角(mean leaf angle,MLA)的计算方法。试验结果表明,变化光照条件下半球图像冠层参数解析方法与直接测量法具有较高的相关性,LAI测量相关系数为0.970。该方法扩展了半球图像法的适用范围,为田间环境下冠层参数的自动连续监测提供了解决方案。     

适宜施氮量提高温室砂田滴灌甜瓜产量品质及水氮利用率

为解决设施砂田甜瓜生产中的水肥瓶颈问题,该文通过大田试验,研究西北旱区设施砂田甜瓜传统水肥管理与滴灌施肥处理对不同生育时期甜瓜生长、产量、品质及水氮利用率的影响,从而确定甜瓜高效的灌溉方式及适宜的氮肥用量。试验设置了2个对照处理:大水漫灌不施氮肥(CK0)和大水漫灌传统施氮(CK),并在灌水量减少40%的滴灌条件下设置了4个氮肥水平:不施氮(T1)、传统施氮量N 180 kg/hm2(T2)、减氮40%即N 108 kg/hm2(T3)、增氮40%即N 252 kg/hm2(T4),共6个处理。结果表明:滴灌施肥处理较对照在甜瓜生长后期光合、植株干物质及氮素积累量等生理、生长指标均显著提高,甜瓜增产7.40%~14.35%,水、氮利用率分别提高28.81%~40.65%和22.78%~77.22%,果实品质中可溶性固形物及Vc含量也显著提高,硝酸盐含量显著降低,且滴灌可减少砂层含土量,从而延长砂田的使用年限。相同滴灌条件不同氮水平处理间,甜瓜植株干物质及氮素积累量随施氮量的增加而增加,而光合指标、产量、品质及水氮利用率则表现出先增加后降低的趋势,其中以T2和T3处理的甜瓜产量、品质和水氮利用率最高。综合分析表明,滴灌施肥是西北旱区设施砂田甜瓜栽培优质高产、高效和节水节肥的水肥管理模式,适宜的氮肥施用量为108~180 kg/hm2。     

油菜气力式排种系统参数对其负压特性的影响及风机选型

针对2BFQ系列油菜精量联合直播机气力式精量排种系统在实际生产作业时受负载变化、地表特征等要素的影响,难以保证排种器负压处于理想工况的现实问题,围绕油菜直播机气力式精量排种系统负压特性及风机参数匹配开展试验。试验分析了排种器气室负压分布均匀性,研究了排种盘转速、排种器数量、风机额定功率及风机工作转速等排种系统参数对排种器气室负压的影响,并建立了数学模型。试验结果表明,排种器气室负压分布均匀性好,排种盘转速对气室负压平均值影响不显著;排种器气室负压绝对值随排种器数量增加而降低,随风机额定功率和风机工作转速增大而增加;建立的风机选型模型及排种器负压与排种器数量、风机额定功率、风机工作转速关系模型,决定系数均大于0.92,模型验证相对误差分别在-8.23%~6.62%和-6.12%~8.25%;依据模型确定了直播机气力式精量排种系统风机参数匹配设计步骤及2BFQ系列油菜精量联合直播机风机选型及其设计转速参数。台架试验及田间试验结果表明风机参数匹配设计步骤实际可行。该研究可为2BFQ系列油菜精量联合直播机气力式精量排种系统的结构优化与实际生产提供参考。     

珠江三角洲Copula径流模型及西水东调缺水风险分析

基于两变量Copula函数模拟、变点识别和均值平移时序重构方法,构建珠江三角洲西水东调工程受水区东江和水源区西江的枯水径流联合分布模型。以生态环境流量及最小流量管理目标为设计阈值,研究区域联合缺水风险特征及对变化环境的响应。结果表明：Archimedean copula的Clayton、Frank和GH模型,均能较好地模拟两区域枯水径流联合分布特征。变化环境下特别是流域内水利工程径流调节作用,东江枯水径流时序非一致性显著,均值跳跃明显,变点时间为1972年,最枯月径流量增加了65.5%。若要满足最小下泄流量管理目标,东江缺水风险率较高,为37.7%。与东江天然径流（还原系列）相比,在东江流域内水利工程影响下（还现系列）,东、西江同时缺水风险率由35.8%下降到16.7%。但由于2江枯水径流的正相关性,西江有水可调保证率也由54.8%下降到21.0%。在已知东江缺水情形下,西江有水可调保证率（55.8%）仅略高于西江缺水风险率（44.2%）。因此,珠江三角洲西水东调工程运行,需要科学设计更为精细的水资源调度规则。     

华北地区地膜残留及典型覆膜作物残膜系数

为阐明华北地区残膜污染现状及当年地膜残留系数,2008-2011年采用问卷调查及样方检测方法对华北地区主要作物的地膜残留状况进行系统调查,在此基础上2011-2014年通过定点试验监测方法研究典型覆膜作物(花生、棉花)的地膜残留系数。结果表明:华北地区土壤耕层地膜残留强度分布范围为0.2~82.2 kg/hm2,其平均值为26.8 kg/hm2。区域内不同作物和不同省份间地膜残留强度存在显著差异(P0.05),花生和棉花地膜残留强度较高,分别为32.0和31.8 kg/hm2;华北地区所有省份中,河北省农田地膜残留强度最高,为36.8 kg/hm2。2011年,华北地区农田地膜残留总量为14.8万t,其中地膜残留总量居前3位的作物是蔬菜(5.5万t)、棉花(3.9万t)、花生(3.0万t),占残膜总量的83.8%。3 a的地膜残留系数定点监测试验结果表明,花生和棉花的地膜残留系数分别为9.7%和14.3%,如果一直沿用目前的地膜使用模式,预计到2021年,花生地和棉田的地膜残留强度将会达到69.1和70.4 kg/hm2,超过国家农田残膜限值标准,成为残膜污染区域。研究可为华北地区残膜防治提供参考。     

Identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ascochyta rabiei</Emphasis> disease resistance in chickpea genotypes

Ascochyta blight (AB) disease, caused by the fungus Ascochyta rabiei, is a major yield limiting factor of chickpea in Australia and around the world. The aggressiveness of six A. rabiei isolates was identified using 3 chickpea varieties (Jimbour, Flipper and Yorker). These AB isolates were isolated from chickpea fields in northern NSW, one of the major chickpea production regions in Australia. Each of the six isolates produced a different aggressiveness pattern and isolate 4859 was found to be the most aggressive. The AB resistance in 16 international and Australian chickpea genotypes was then investigated by inoculating the plants with the most aggressive isolate and a mixture of the other 5 isolates. Resistance to both the most aggressive isolate and the mixed isolates has been identified in 5 genotypes (ICCV 98813, Flipper, ICCV 05111, ICCV 98801, Jimbour #1) while 10 entries (Howzat, ICCV 06108 and ICCV 98818, Jimbour, ICCV 96852, ICCV 06107, ICCV 98816, Yorker, FLIP97-114C, ICCV 96853) were moderately resistant. Only one genotype (Bumper) appeared to be susceptible to both inoculums. There was large variation observed in the pathogenicity of the isolates suggesting that the six AB isolates represent several different pathogen strains. Significant differences in leaf infection rate, plant infection rate, plant death rate and disease development were identified among the chickpea genotypes tested. These findings suggest that these chickpea genotypes carry different resistant genes, which can be exploited in breeding programmes to develop high levels of disease resistance.     

吡虫啉在不同施药时间对玉米叶绿素含量的影响

对大田栽培作物玉米,在不同时间,用喷雾器喷施不同浓度杀虫剂吡虫啉,24h后测定玉米叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量.结果表明,上午喷施药剂促使玉米叶绿素含量增加最多,其次是中午,下午施药玉米叶绿素含量增加最小.     

Several field tests of Abate larvicides for Aedes control

Abstract

In preliminary field tests in woodlands swamps of southern Morava, ?SSR, it was found that Abate 500E at the rate 0.1 g/m² of water surfaces killed Aëdes vexans, A. cinereus and A. sticticus larvae 3 instar during 24 hours, but in other case at the rate 0.05 g/m² of water surfaces killed not the A. vexans pupae.

In southern Morava, CSSR a new larvicide, Abate^* was tested for Aëdes larvae and pupae control in the field. Abate (0,0,0¹,0¹ -tetramethyl 0,0¹ -thiodi-p-phenylene phosphorothioate) is an organophosphate insecticide that has been highly effective when tested against many different species of mosquito larvae. It is of very low toxicity to man and presents a minimum hazard in control. A well timed application of Abate will control the mosquito larva before it can develop into a pupa. Barnes and Webb (1968) applied one briquette of 0.58 g or 0.78 g/10 cu. ft. water in woodland pools, against Aëdes canadensis (Thio.). A. cantator (Coq.). A. vexans (Mg.) and Culex restuans Theo. Early spring treatment controlled all species as they normally appear in chronological sequence until early fall. One treatment of 6 pools gave excellent larval control throughout the 176-day test period; 23 pools were retreated on day 57, but this may have been unnecessary. No deleterious effects were noted on aquatic organisms. The US Department of Health and Welfare (1968) reports that 1% granules of Abate (0.002–0.06 lb/ac) satisfactorily kills A. vexans larvae. Lewis et al. (1965) applied 43% ec. and 1% granules of Abate (0.075 to 0.2 lb/ac; or 0.084 to 0.22 kg/ha) to log ponds. Both formulations gave excellent initial and residual (up to 18 days) control at dosages used. The e.c. seemed to act for a longer period. It was used for Culex peus Speiser, C. pipiens L., C. tarsalis (Coq.) and Culiseta larvae control.

In southern Morava Abate 500E, a 50% (W/v) emulsifiable concentrate containing 500 g a.i./l was tested in the woodland swamps – mosquito breeding places – against A. vexans, A. cinereus Mg. and A. sticticus (Mg.) instar larvae or A. vexans pupae.

In the first experiment 10g Abate 500E were used on 100 m² of water surface, mixed with water at 1:100. The insecticide was applied on two sites and a third chosen as control. Larvae were counted from 250 ml samples from each site. Table 1 shows the average number of larvae from each site.     

Screening of cotton germplasm for resistance to Verticillium dahlia Kleb. under greenhouse and field conditions

Currently, the most effective and economically feasible means of controlling Verticillium wilt is to grow wilt-resistant cultivars. Nevertheless, resistant germplasm lines that are able to overcome this detrimental disease remain rare. Hence, we aimed to identify high-quality germplasm lines that exhibit high resistance, to address the dearth in optimum production. Our field and greenhouse studies showed significant variation among all tested germplasm lines with respect to wilt-assessment parameters. Highly resistant or resistant germplasm included 1421Bt-4133, O Siv2, Arcot-1, and GP93; Zhong 21371 and Yumian 2067 were moderately responsive; and Arcot402bne, Arcot438, Xinluzao-3, and Jimian11 were highly susceptible to wilt. Overall, germplasm line 1421Bt-4133 appeared to be an ideal material with strong resistance potential against V. dahliae. The germplasm lines O Siv2, Arcot-1, GP93, Zhong 21371, and Yumian 2067 showed variability in resistance potential in artificially or naturally-infested soil. This variability may be due to the genetic potential of the plants and to the adaptability of V. dahliae. We determined that the 1421Bt-4133 germplasm line was ideal, as it demonstrated resistance diversity against V. dahliae in all observed wilt-assessment parameters. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of viable germplasm lines for improving cotton production. The resistant germplasm lines uncovered in this study may provide new disease resistance sources in the breeding program.     

“一深两增”玉米高产模式下新品种产量潜力研究

为了给山西省春播中晚熟玉米区“一深两增”高产模式提供适用品种,选取大丰30、大丰26、强盛51、强盛101、福盛园52、并单390、潞玉36、先玉335、郑单958和北农110共10个品种为供试材料,研究了其产量构成因素及潜力.结果表明,强盛101及大丰26产量大于16 500 kg· hm-2,显著高于其他品种,且在采用“一深两增”高产模式下产量潜力分别达到19 148 kg.hm-2和17 691 kg.hm-2;强盛51、大丰30、福盛园52、先玉335和郑单958产量表现居中;并单390和潞玉36保苗率表现优异,均高于90％.除北农110外均可作为山西省中晚熟玉米区高水肥水浇地“一深两增”模式下的适用品种.