Characteristics of soil seed bank in plantation forest in the rocky mountain region of Beijing, China

We investigated characteristics (scales and composition) of soil seed banks at eight study sites in the rocky mountain region of Beijing by seed identification and germination monitoring. We also surveyed the vegetation communities at the eight study sites to explore the role of soil seed banks in vegetation restoration. The storage capacity of soil seed banks at the eight sites ranked from 766.26 to 2461.92 seeds·m -2 . A total of 23 plant species were found in soil seed banks, of which 63 80% of seeds were herbs in various soil layers and 60% of seeds were located in the soil layer at 0 5cm depth. Biodiversity indices indicated clear differences in species diversity of soil seed banks among different plant communities. The species composition of aboveground vegetation showed low similarity with that based on soil seed banks. In the above- ground plant community, the afforestation tree species showed high importance values. The plant species originating from soil seed banks represented natural regeneration, which also showed relatively high importance values. This study suggests that in the rocky mountain region of Beijing the soil seed banks played a key role in the transformation from pure plantation forest to near-natural forest, promoting natural ecological processes, and the role of the seed banks in vegetation restoration was important to the improvement of ecological restoration methods.     

Recovery of 15N Labelled Urea as Affected by Fixation of Ammonium by Clay Minerals

A greenhouse experiment was conducted with Lolium perenne to determine whether ammonium (NH₄⁺-N) fixation by clay minerals can increase the recovery of nitrogen following application of ¹⁵N labelled urea. A silty loam subsoil, B_t horizon from an Alfisol derived from loess, pH (CaCl₂) 7.9, was chosen for the experiment. The NH₄⁺-N fixation capacity was altered by varying the distribution of potassium (K) in the upper and lower soil layer. In the K₀ treatment (control), the upper soil layer fertilized with urea was not supplied with K, whereas the lower soil layer was fertilized with 300 mg K kg^?1 soil. In the K₁^?, K₂^? and K₃ treatment the upper soil was supplied with 100-, 200- and 300 mg K kg^?1 soil, respectively. The soil in the lower layer of the K₃ treatment was not supplied with K. The recovery of ¹⁵N from applied urea (¹⁵N uptake of Lolium perenne plus residual soil ¹⁵N_t) was 86.1% in the K₀ treatment and 75.2%, 69.1% and 69.6% in K_1-, K_2- and K₃ treatments, respectively, showing that ¹⁵N losses were smallest in the K₀ treatment. Two weeks after applying ¹⁵N labelled urea the amounts of nonexchangeable ¹⁵NH₄⁺-N in the upper soil layer were significantly higher in the K₀ treatment than in the treatments with K application. Apparently, NH₄⁺-N fixation by clay minerals can reduce NH₃ volatilization after urea fertilization, if the amount of exchangeable K is low.     

主动型配电网日前调度策略研究

相对于传统配电网,主动型配电网可以合理利用其双向调度功能,充分发挥分布式发电容量,在保护环境的同时还可以提高电力公司的效益。以电力公司效益最大为调度目标,针对主动型配电网调度问题,该文计及输电和高压配电网网损的影响,提出了一种配电网日前优化调度模型,通过该模型对微电网电源交互功率和分布式电源进行优化调度,同时确定最佳渗透率,不仅可以有效地削峰填谷,还可以根据最佳渗透率调整分布式电源的功率,使电力公司效益最大化。算例研究表明,电网中接在距离电源点较近的节点下的主动型配电网,通过该文提出的优化调度模型,得出渗透率为21.14%时,电力公司效益最高。该研究可为主动型配电网日前调度策略以及分布式电源最佳渗透率的制定提供参考。     

长期定位施肥对潮土磷素下移及有效磷生态阈值的研究

研究长期施肥条件下磷素下移情况及其与0～20 cm土层有效磷含量的关系,明确有效磷生态阈值对作物产量和农业生态安全有重要的意义。试验基于"国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测站" 30年定位试验,选取5个处理,即不施磷肥(NK)、施用氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、氮磷钾化肥和有机肥配施(MNPK)、MNPK处理施肥量的1.5倍(1.5NPKM)、氮磷钾化肥与玉米秸秆还田配施(SNPK),采集0～20、 20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm土壤样品,分析有效磷含量,研究土壤有效磷垂直变化,并分析0～20 cm土层有效磷含量与磷素下移关系。结果表明,长期施用磷肥可提高有效磷含量,施磷量越高,有效磷含量增加越快;0～20 cm土层有效磷含量15.7～24.7 mg/kg,磷素下移慢,可下移到40～60 cm土层;而有效磷含量大于55.6 mg/kg时,磷素下移速度显著增加,下移到60～80 cm土层,并且下移量更大。综上,磷素下移的深度受耕层有效磷含量的影响,潮土区土壤有效磷生态阈值为25 mg/kg,既满足作物高产对养分的需要,又不对生态环境造成危害。0～20 cm土层有效磷含量为15～25 mg/kg时,控制磷的投入量;当0～20 cm土层有效磷含量超出25 mg/kg,减少磷的投入。     

基于EMD和MLEM2的滚动轴承智能故障诊断方法

针对旋转机械的自主故障诊断,提出一种基于EMD和MLEM2的智能解决方法。利用EMD预处理振动信号,在最适合的IMF分量上提取6个时域指标和5个频域指标构成无量纲的轴承故障特征向量。根据设备运行数据形成决策表,使用改进的MLEM2算法挖掘诊断规则,再结合改进的规则匹配策略进行状态识别。EMD能够剥离故障最本质的信息,提高所选分量的信噪比,而MLEM2算法无需对连续属性事先离散化,获得的诊断规则更完备、准确。SKF6203轴承试验表明,该方法诊断精度达到93.75%,相当于能够自主获取知识的专家系统,且只要一次初始设定,无需后续人工干预,是一种有效的智能诊断方法。     

基于GIS和随机森林模型的泥石流敏感性分析——以吉林省洮南市北部山区为例

[目的]对区域性泥石流敏感性进行分析,为吉林省洮南市泥石流灾害预测研究提出一种高效快捷的分析模型。[方法]针对现行大多数概率统计模型预测率较低的不足,利用人工智能算法中效果明显的随机森林算法,以吉林省洮南市西北部山区为研究区域,选用高程、坡度、坡向、平面曲率、剖面曲率、河流、归一化差分植被指数、地形湿度指数、土地利用及岩性10个评价因子构建了频率比和随机森林泥石流敏感性评价模型进行对比验证。模型准确性的验证方法采用受试者特征曲线(ROC曲线)及累积频率曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)。[结果]随机森林对研究区泥石流敏感性进行分析,并通过GIS将敏感性图分为5个敏感性区域,位于高敏感性区以上的灾害点占82.3%。验证模型成功率及预测率分别为88.4%与90.4%,相较于频率比的成功率及预测率(86.4%和75.1%)效果良好。[结论]在洮南市北部进行泥石流敏感性分析中,采用随机森林方法进行建模,并利用频率比方法进行对比,结果显示随机森林法结果可靠准确。     

巩固宁夏退耕还林成果的对策

通过参加近年来宁夏退耕还林工程退耕地造林阶段性的核查验收工作,深切感到实施退耕还林工程以来,宁夏的生态环境得到了改善,经济和社会效益取得了明显成效.针对退耕还林工程存在的一些问题,进行了深入的调研,提出了巩固宁夏退耕还林建设成果的对策措施.     

不同氧气条件对玉米秸秆在土壤中腐殖化的影响

研究了实验室模拟条件下添加玉米秸秆对土壤中各有机质组分数量的影响以及不同氧气体积分数对玉米秸秆在土壤中腐殖化进程的影响.结果表明:添加玉米秸秆对土壤有机碳(SOC)、水溶性有机碳(wSOC)、胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)数量的增加有明显作用;高氧和低氧环境均有利于玉米秸秆在土壤中腐殖化的进行;高氧条件有利于腐殖化初期FA的生成,但持续高氧环境不利于FA的积累;在腐殖化后期,高氧条件使FA大量转化为HA并使得HA大量积累.     

泰安市异色瓢虫色斑类型调查与研究

对泰安市1 320头异色瓢虫越冬成虫进行了观察研究,共发现表现型150种,其中未被记录的20种。按表现型将其分为4种类型：黄底黑斑、橘红底黑斑、黑底红斑和黑底黄斑,其种类数分别为64、67、11和8,各类型数目占调查总数的比例分别为39.24%、30.83%、26.14%和3.79%。黄底黑斑和橘红底黑斑型以十九斑变型最多,黑底红斑和黑底黄斑型以显明变型居多。对各斑点出现频率统计结果表明,斑点1/2在雄虫出现的频率约为雌虫的1/4,斑点9约为雌虫的1/2,其余各斑点雌虫均高于雄虫。首次对斑点和联斑不对称的异色瓢虫进行了命名,优化了记号命名法。     

饲料添加剂牛至油中香芹酚和百里香酚含量的测定

试验建立了高效液相色谱法测定饲料添加剂牛至油中香芹酚和百里香酚含量的方法。采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱Diamonsil C18(2)柱,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(60??4??2),检测波长274 nm,流速1.0 ml/min。结果显示,牛至油中香芹酚含量为37.81%,百里香酚含量为7.05%,香芹酚和百里香酚的回收率分别为98.2%、98.4%,变异系数分别为1.0%、1.3%。试验为牛至油中香芹酚和百里香酚的检测提供了准确、灵敏、可靠的分析方法。