Dietary microbial phytase supplementation and the utilization of phosphorus, trace minerals and protein by rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)] fed soybean meal-based diets

Effects of thermal and enzymatic treatments of soybean meal on apparent absorption of total phosphorus, phytate phosphorus, nitrogen (protein), ash, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, strontium and zinc were examined using rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), as the test species. Absorption of the test nutrients was estimated using yttrium as an inert non-absorbable indicator. Thermal treatments (microwaving, dry roasting, steam heating, cooking) had no measurable effect on the apparent absorption of phosphorus and other minerals. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent absorption of phosphorus, nitrogen (protein), ash, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, strontium and zinc in low-ash diets containing soybean meal, but had little effect in high-ash diets containing both soybean and fish meal. In low-ash diets, the apparent absorption of phosphorus increased in accord with the level of phytase added to the diet, from 27% (no phytase added) up to 90% (phytase added, 4000 units kg⁻¹ diet) or 93% (predigested with phytase, 200 units kg⁻¹ soybean meal). In high-ash diets, dietary acidification with citric acid decreased the effect of phytase, whereas in low-ash diets, acidification markedly increased the effect of the enzyme. Excretion of phosphorus in the faeces of fish fed a low-ash diet containing phytase-treated soybean meal was 0.32 g per kg diet consumed, a 95%−98% reduction compared with phosphorus excretion by fish consuming commercial trout feeds.     

绥芬河污染对大麻哈鱼、滩头雅罗鱼及水生生物影响的调查监测

绥芬河为中俄共有河，是黑龙江省的产鱼区之一，本介绍了该河流水质常规分析，工厂污水分析、鱼体残毒分析、浮游动物、浮游植物、底栖生物、着生藻类定性、定量及鱼类急性致毒性试验结果，同时进行了水质评价。结果表明：该河流经环境治理，水质状况得以改善，属于寡污带河流，基本达到渔业水质标准，是我国少有的清洁河流，对该河流洄流的四种大麻哈鱼、两种滩头鱼和生存的其它水生生物不构成危害性影响。     

Purification and characterization of a cysteine-like protease from the body wall of the sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stichopus japonicus</Emphasis>

The sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) is able to undergo autolysis in response to a variety of environmental and mechanical cues. Within the framework of a long-term study of this phenomenon we have purified a protease from the body wall of the sea cucumber by means of ion-exchange chromatography with DE-52 cellulose and gel filtration chromatography with Sephadex G-100. The final enzyme preparation was nearly homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its molecular weight was estimated to be approximately 35.5 kDa. The purified enzyme exhibited a maximum activity for the hydrolysis of casein at pH 7.0 and 50°C and a remarkable stability at pH 4.0–7.0 and 40–60°C. Based on the inhibition and activation profiles obtained with numerous specific protease inhibitors and an activator, the protease purified from the body wall of the sea cucumber was defined to be a cysteine-like protease.     

抹香鲸的食物及其捕食习性

抹香鲸与头足类的捕食与被捕食关系，是海洋食物网中的重要组成部分。1978年在山东省胶南县海滩搁浅了一头抹香鲸，经对从其胃中取到的43个头足类角质颚分析鉴定，共发现帆乌贼等7个属。通过将其与世界其他海域抹香鲸胃中头足类组成的比较，论述了抹香鲸的捕食习性，抹香鲸与头足类在营养级金字塔中的位置，拟出了抹香鲸——头足类营养联系的模式。     

海南龙血树查尔酮合酶基因(DcCHS)的克隆及表达分析

利用RT-PCR和RACE技术对海南龙血树查尔酮合酶基因进行克隆,得到1条1 456 bp的cDNA序列,命名为DcCHS。DcCHS含有1 173 bp的阅读框架、99 bp的5′非编码区和184 bp的3′非编码区,编码390个氨基酸。DcCHS与其他植物的CHS氨基酸序列同源性高达84%以上,具有高度保守的CHS_like结构域、活性位点以及信号序列。推测DcCHS的分子量为42.7 ku,等电点pI为6.14,稳定性极差,具有15个磷酸化位点,无跨膜结构,无信号肽,亚细胞定位在细胞质的可能性较大,并预测了蛋白质的二级、三级结构。组织特异性分析结果表明,DcCHS在花中的表达远远高于根、茎、叶和果实。     

Placotylene A,an Inhibitor of the Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation,from a Korean Sponge Placospongia sp.

A new inhibitor, placotylene A (1), of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation, and a regioisomer of placotylene A, placotylene B (2), were isolated from a Korean marine sponge Placospongia sp. The chemical structures of placotylenes A and B were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, along with MS spectral analysis and revealed as an iodinated polyacetylene class of natural products. Placotylene A (1) displayed inhibitory activity against RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation at 10 μM while placotylene B (2) did not show any significant activity up to 100 μM, respectively.     

Punctaporonins H–M: Caryophyllene-Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Sponge-Associated Fungus Hansfordia sinuosae

Six new caryophyllene-based sesquiterpenoids named punctaporonins H–M (1–6), together with punctaporonin B (7) and humulane (8) were isolated from the fermentation broth of the sponge-derived fungus Hansfordia sinuosae. Their structures were determined by the extensive HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic analysis, including the X-ray crystallographic data for the assignment of the absolute configurations of punctaporonins H–I (1–2). The isolated compounds were evaluated for antihyperlipidemic, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities, and punctaporonin K (4) exhibited potent effects to reduce the triglycerides and total cholesterol in the intracellular levels.     

秦巴山地景观生态风险的时空分异

[目的] 科学评估秦巴山地景观生态风险,为区域内生态安全建设和可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 以秦巴山地2000—2020年3期地表覆被数据为基础,应用空间分析法和地形分布指数法,定量地分析秦巴山地景观生态风险的时空特征,以及其在各地形梯度上的动态变化。[结果] ①秦巴山地景观生态风险整体偏低,空间差异特征显著,且存在着明显的空间集聚效应,呈东西两侧跟中间高,南北低的空间分布格局。②2000—2020年,秦巴山地景观生态风险呈下降趋势,低生态风险区明显扩张,高生态风险区显著缩小。③高生态风险多集中分布于海拔高、地形复杂或海拔低、地形平坦地区,低生态风险在中等地形梯度地区呈优势分布。[结论] 秦巴山地景观生态风险整体呈下降趋势,表明区域内生态环境质量有所提升;秦巴山地景观生态风险的空间分布格局受地形影响较大,且相对稳定。     

不同环境因子联接方法对崩岗易发性评价的影响

[目的] 研究不同联接方法对崩岗易发性的影响,为区域崩岗的精细化空间预测提供理论依据,进而为合理、经济、高效地做好防灾减灾提供科学支持。[方法] 基于随机森林模型,选择改进频率比(ALSA)与传统频率比(FR)两种不同联接方法,通过地理探测器选取年平均降雨量、年平均降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、坡长因子、黏粒含量、坡度、砂粒含量、标准化VH通道后向散射系数(表征地表覆被的性质)作为评价指标,以江西省兴国县永丰镇为例开展崩岗易发性评价。[结果] ①ALSA-RF模型较FR-RF模型精度更高,ACC,AUC值分别为83.89%,0.893 0; ②研究区极高、高易发区主要分布于其西南区域,这与实际崩岗分布情况较吻合。[结论] 改进频率比的联接方法较传统频率比方法可以更好地体现区域崩岗的分布规律,可为滑坡研究领域中的类似问题提供借鉴。