湖北省武汉市某门诊犬细小病毒病病例统计分析

[目的]了解武汉市犬细小病毒病(CPD)的流行情况和特点。[方法]以华中农业大学动物医院门诊为依托,应用胶体金试纸条和PCR检测技术,对2015年9月至2016年9月的犬门诊病例进行调查分析。[结果]共检测门诊犬病例2 728例,检出CPD阳性121例,阳性检出率为4.4%。从时间分布看,该期间大部分月份的阳性检出率在3%~5%之间,2015年10月的最高,2016年6—9月的最低。从群间分布看,阿拉斯加、边牧、哈士奇、比熊、萨摩耶、博美、巴哥等犬种的CPD阳性数量均占该品种就诊犬总数量的10%以上,而拉布拉多、雪纳瑞、德牧、贵宾、金毛犬则在5%以上;雄性犬的CPD阳性检出率明显高于雌性;在阳性病例中,2~4月龄幼犬的占比最高,在40%~60%之间;未免疫或未按规定免疫犬的CPD阳性数量与总阳性数量的占比高达86.7%,而按规定免疫犬仅为13.3%。[结论]CPD的发生与犬的品种、年龄、性别、免疫状况和气候等因素存在一定的关系,尤其是其年龄和免疫状况。本研究有助于了解该病的流行特点,并可为该病的防治提供参考。     

大蜡螟的生物学研究

在35±1℃,60～85%RH,全黑暗环境中用中蜂旧巢脾饲养的大蜡螟,其卵、幼虫、蛹、雌蛾、雄蛾的历期分别为8.6、49.4±9.4、10.8±1.9、5.5±2.6、9.2±3.3天.雌蛾平均产卵量为725.2 ± 148.3粒(258～1415粒).平均产卵前期为0.6天(0～2天).平均产卵期为4.3±0.8天,但平均有效产卵期只有3.4±0.6天.雌性蛹、蛾的体重比雄性蛹、蛾的极显著重,雌雄蛹重分别为162.1±5.1mg和122.2±1.9mg,雌雄蛾重分别为122.3±1.6mg和74.0±7.5mg.卵多产于0.23～0.27mm缝隙中,单层扁平成片,大小为0.34±0.04×0.34±0.06mm.     

Fatal infection in human flora-associated piglets caused by the opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae from an apparently healthy human donor

Seventeen out of 24 human flora-associated (HFA) piglets died after oral administration of whole fecal flora from an apparently healthy human donor. The bacteria isolated from the organs of the infected piglets were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae by bacteriological and biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The identical K. pneumoniae strain was also isolated from the donor's fecal flora. All three neonatal piglets inoculated with K. pneumoniae from the donor's fecal flora developed severe diarrhea, with 2 eventually dying. This strongly suggests that the opportunistic pathogen K. pneumoniae from the human donor caused the fatal infection in the HFA piglets. The results underscore the importance of safety evaluation of the human donor's fecal flora for HFA piglet development.     

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of marbofloxacin against Pasteurella multocida in a tissue‐cage model in yellow cattle

The fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drug marbofloxacin was administered to yellow cattle intravenously and intramuscularly at a dose of 2 mg/kg of body weight in a two‐period crossover study. The pharmacokinetic properties of marbofloxacin in serum, inflamed tissue‐cage fluid (exudate), and noninflamed tissue‐cage fluid (transudate) were studied by using a tissue‐cage model. The in vitro and ex vivo activities of marbofloxacin in serum, exudate, and transudate against a pathogenic strain of Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) were determined. Integration of in vivo pharmacokinetic data with the in vitro MIC provided mean values for the area under the curve (AUC)/MIC for serum, exudate, and transudate of 155.75, 153.00, and 138.88, respectively, after intravenous dosing and 160.50, 151.00, and 137.63, respectively, after intramuscular dosing. After intramuscular dosing, the maximum concentration/MIC ratios for serum, exudate, and transudate were 21.13, 9.13, and 8.38, respectively. The ex vivo growth inhibition data after intramuscular dosing were fitted to the inhibitory sigmoid E_max equation to provide the values of AUC/MIC required to produce bacteriostasis, bactericidal activity, and elimination of bacteria. The respective values for serum were 17.25, 31.29, and 109.62, and slightly lower values were obtained for transudate and exudate. It is proposed that these findings might be used with MIC₅₀ or MIC₉₀ data to provide a rational approach to the design of dosage schedules which optimize efficacy in respect of bacteriological as well as clinical cures.     

裸果木种群遗传多样性特点及与地理气候因子关联研究

本文利用ISSR标记技术,选取15对引物,对分布于西北荒漠区12个裸果木种群的遗传多样性以及与地理气候因子的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：群体内多态性位点百分率（PPL）为88.81%,种群水平为69.93%;Nei’s基因多样性指数（He）变化范围为0.2356~0.2697,Shannom信息指数（I）变化范围为0.3509~0.4057,具较高的遗传多样性水平。基因分化系数（Gst）为0.2790,种群间遗传分化较小,种群内存有丰富的遗传变异。经Mantel检验,种群遗传距离与地理距离有相关性（R²=0.2144）。利用NTSYSpc-2.1软件进行UPGMA法聚类,各种群样品间的遗传相似系数在0.81～0.99之间,按照遗传距离远近,裸果木12个种群可分为4大类群。经相关性分析,种群遗传多样性与纬度、海拔存在正相关（P<0.05）与年均温存在负相关（P<0.05）。     

南黄杂种牛与本地黄牛生长发育对比研究

针对甘南本地黄牛体格小、生产性能低的现状,用南德温牛细管冻精授配甘南本地黄牛,结果表明,南杂F1代个体具有早熟、生长快、耐粗饲、饲料转化率高、抗病力强、难产率低等一系列优良特性,很适合当地黄牛养殖区大面积推广。     

发酵豆粕对仔猪早期断奶应激及增重效果的影响

仔猪早期断奶是提高母猪繁殖利用率的重要措施,但早期断奶应激容易导致仔猪断奶后食欲下降,消化机能紊乱,腹泻等“仔猪早期断奶综合症”.发酵豆粕因富含植物小肽,易于动物的消化吸收等多种优点,适用于幼龄、病弱、应激等特殊生理状况下的仔猪.本试验选用市场上常用的一种同类产品与一种新开发的发酵豆粕在断奶仔猪上进行饲喂对比.结果表明:这种新开发的产品对缓解仔猪早期断奶应激引起的胃肠机能紊乱明显优于对照产品,其稀便发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.01);平均日增重、料肉比高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05).     

山羊甘肃棘豆中毒睾丸、附睾的病理学研究

山羊甘肃棘豆中毒睾丸、附睾的病理学研究丁伯良，王建辰，薛登民，贾维真，王淑娥（西北农业大学兽医系，杨陵７１２１００）马远莉（陕西省农科院农业测试中心）摘要对６只１０月龄西农莎能奶山羊公羊每日按１０ｇ／ｋｇ剂量单笼饲喂甘肃棘豆粉，４只同龄公羊作对照。１...     

退化高寒草地浅层土壤理化性质Meta分析

青藏高原生态地位显著,草地退化影响区域生态安全,针对退化高寒草地土壤理化性质的研究众多但结果存在较大异质性。通过检索纳入79篇与退化高寒草地土壤理化性质相关的文献,采用整合分析方法用于定量述评不同退化程度高寒草地浅层土壤主要理化性质的效应及变化规律。结果表明：高寒草甸0～10 cm、10～20 cm土层内随着退化加剧土壤容重、pH上升,土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾下降;高寒草原0～10 cm、10～20 cm土层内随退化加剧,土壤容重上升,pH、含水量、有机碳、速效钾下降。总体反映出不同退化程度对高寒草地土壤主要理化性质产生较大负面影响,研究结果可为青藏高原高寒草地生态保护提供依据。