Effects of drug residues in the faeces of cattle treated with injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin on larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima and the house fly, Musca domestica

Objective: To assess the toxicity of residues of ivermectin and moxidectin in cattle faeces collected at intervals after treatment.
Design: Replicated bioassays of faeces using larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima and the house fly, Musca domestica .
Animals: Two groups of five Murray Grey x Aberdeen Angus steers were treated with injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin respectively. A third group was used as an untreated control.
Procedure: Newly emerged fly larvae were reared in the dung of treated animals.
Results: Drug residues in faeces collected 3 to 35 days after treatment with an injectable formulation of moxidectin had no significant effect on the survival of larvae of M vetustissima . Similarly, faeces dropped up to seven days after treatment caused no significant reduction in larval survival in M domestica . In day 2 dung, residues of moxidectin delayed development of M vetustissima larvae, but had no effect on their survival. In contrast, ivermectin-treated steers, produced dung that inhibited larval development of both M vetustissima and M domestica for 7 to 14 days after treatment. Significant reductions in survival of M vetustissima larvae occurred in dung collected on days 21 and 28 after treatment, but by day 35 survival did not differ from that in control dung.
Conclusion: Excreted faecal residues of moxidectin are relatively innocuous to larvae of both M vetustissima and M domestica . Those of ivermectin inhibit survival for 7 to 14 days after treatment and are likely to have adverse effects on non-target organisms.     

Immune Effect of Inactivated Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Their Interference on Differential Diagnosis

Vaccination with inactivated vaccine is an important measure to prevent and control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), however, the immune effect and antigenic purity of inactivated vaccines are two major concerns for the establishment and evaluation of FMD free zones with vaccination. In this study, four groups of FMD type O and type A bivalent inactivated vaccines from 3 FMD vaccine manufacturers (designated as A, B and C) were selected to inoculate healthy juvenile cattle of FMD free. All cattle were immunized 3 or 4 times at a 1-month interval. Serum samples were collected before and after 1 month of every vaccination to determine the level of antibody to structural protein and non-structural protein. Results：(1) The qualified rates of antibody to structural protein: in group a1 (vaccine from company A, different batches), the antibody qualified rate could reach 100% for type O and type A, respectively after each vaccination. In group a2 (vaccines from company A, same batch), the antibody qualified rates were 36.7%, 98.3% and 100% for type O, and 15%, 86.7% and 100% for type A after the first to the third vaccination, respectively. In group b (vaccine from company B, same batch), the antibody qualified rates were 18.3%, 97% and 100% for type O, and 1.7%, 45% and 53.3% for type A after the first to the third vaccination, respectively. In group c (vaccines from company C, same batch), the antibody qualified rates were 26.7%, 96.7% and 100% for type O, and 21.7%, 71.7% and 100% for type A after the first to the third vaccination, respectively. (2) Antibody positive rate to non-structural protein 3ABC (confirmed with second ELISA test): In group a1, the positive rates were 0.7%, 1.4%, 9.5% and 4.8% after the first to the fourth vaccination, respectively; In group a2 and c, no 3ABC antibody-positive animal was detected after 3 repeated vaccination; In Group b, only one animal with a positive rate of 0.6% was detected after the third vaccination. The antibody qualified rates to the structural protein of FMDV in 3 of the 4 groups were far less than 70% after the primary vaccination, however, those were increased significantly after boost and repeated vaccination. The antigen purity of vaccines in three groups (a2, b and c) can meet the requirement of OIE standard on the FMD vaccine, however, the seroconversion to 3ABC antibody was obvious in animals from group a1 after repeated vaccination, which would cause some extent of interference to differential diagnosis. Also, a combination of a primary screening test and a confirmatory ELISA test can further improve the accuracy of differential diagnosis. This study provides an important scientific basis to make a rational program for establishment and evaluation of FMD free zone with vaccination.     

Ovarian Responses, Hormonal Profiles and Embryo Yields in Anoestrous Ewes Superovulated with Folltropin®-V after Pretreatment with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate-releasing Vaginal Sponges and a Single Dose of Oestradiol-17β

In ruminants, superovulatory treatments started at the time of follicular wave emergence result in greater and less variable ovulatory responses and embryo yields compared with the treatments begun in the presence of a large growing antral follicle(s) from the previous waves. The progesterone–oestradiol treatment is routinely used for follicular wave synchronization in cattle. The main objective of this study was to characterize the ovarian responses, hormonal profiles and in vivo embryo production in anoestrous Rideau Arcott ewes (May‐June), which were superovulated after pretreatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP)‐releasing intravaginal sponges and a single dose of oestradiol‐17β (E₂‐17β). Six days after insertion of MAP sponges, eight ewes were given an i.m. injection of 350 μg of E₂‐17β (E₂‐17β‐treated ewes); 10 ewes were given an i.m. injection of vehicle (control ewes). Multiple‐dose Folltropin®‐V treatment, followed by the bolus injection of GnRH (50 μg i.m.), began 6 days after E₂‐17β/vehicle injection. Transrectal ovarian ultrasonography revealed that: (i) the interval between E₂‐17β/vehicle injection and regression of all follicles ≥5 to 3 mm in diameter was shorter (p < 0.01; 2.6 ± 0.4 vs 4.8 ± 0.6 days respectively); and (ii) the interval between injection and emergence of the next follicular wave was longer (p < 0.05; 5.4 ± 0.3 vs 1.2 ± 0.4 days, respectively) in E₂‐17β‐treated than in control ewes. During the 6 days after injection, the mean FSH peak concentration and basal FSH concentration were lower (p < 0.01) in E₂‐17β‐treated ewes. The mean ovulation rate and the number of recovered embryos did not differ (p > 0.05) between the two groups of ewes. However, the number of luteinized unovulated follicles per ewe, and the variability in the number of luteal structures and overall embryo yield were less (p < 0.05) in E₂‐17β‐treated compared with control ewes. In conclusion, the MAP–E₂‐17β pretreatment significantly reduced the variability in ovarian responses and embryo yields, without affecting the embryo production in superovulated anoestrous ewes.     

陆地棉焦磷酸酶基因GhVP的启动子序列分析

为了筛选棉花耐盐转基因育种所需的诱导型候选启动子，本研究根据陆地棉焦磷酸酶基因GhVP的cDNA序列和陆地棉基因组序列，获得陆地棉焦磷酸酶基因GhVP启动子序列，并对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明，该启动子具有多个基本元件TATA-box和CAAT-box，并含有多种逆境胁迫诱导相关的响应元件，含有丰富的光响应元件以及其他多种顺式作用元件。推测GhVP基因的转录同时受光、高温、干旱、创伤、脱落酸诱导，受生物钟控制的顺式元件调控，参与棉花的生长发育。     

棉花耐低温研究进展

低温胁迫是影响棉花生长发育和品质的主要环境胁迫因子之一，是决定棉花生存、生长成熟和地域分布的最重要环境因素。从低温胁迫对棉花的影响和危害出发，分析了不同抗冷鉴定方法，综述了国内外关于抗冷相关基因、抗冷蛋白以及低温胁迫条件下转录组分析的研究进展，以期为棉花的抗冷育种和抗冷机理提供理论参考。     

临朐大棚樱桃蜜蜂授粉蜂群管理及效益

大棚樱桃蜜蜂授粉期间蜂群的管理好坏直接影响到授粉的效果,也影响到蜂群出棚后的发展和蜂产品的生产,大棚樱桃通过蜜蜂授粉产量可达2000-3000斤/亩,收入在6500元左右,是蜂农授粉收入近百倍,是自然状态下收入的十几倍。     

镀膜木材的耐候性

用气密性氨基树脂和硅烷偶联剂封闭桐木胶合板,真空磁控溅射镀膜镍钛合金原子膜,使镀膜木材经过了紫外灯光照射,较高室内温度、湿度的环境老化.试验结果显示:屏蔽效能保持在58 dB以上,老化后镀膜木材电磁屏蔽效能稳定.附着强度在老化前300 h内没有变化,保持2.0 MPa不变;从400～ 600 h稍有下降,每100h衰减...     

中式烹饪用时间温度积分器的构建与验证

蛋白质变性能够较广泛地表征烹饪加热品质变化,因而寻找到一种z值为7.36℃的耐高温α-淀粉酶,与蛋白质热变性z值5~10℃相近。以该酶溶液为指示剂,在玻璃毛细管中封装后置入烹饪耐受性高的、特定形状的魔芋凝胶(g-KGM)载体,从而构建了烹饪研究用时间温度积分器(time temperature integrators,TTIs)装置。随后,在模拟烹饪过程而设定的对流传热条件下,通过传热学试验结合非稳态传热以及酶失活动力学数学模型计算得到剩余酶活,与TTIs装置指示剂酶活实测值比较,两者误差小于2.24%。进一步,应用该TTIs装置测定了实际烹饪爆炒过程的表面换热系数。所构建的TTIs装置,结合数值模拟,可以分析测量常规试验传热学方法无法应用的激烈烹饪中流体-颗粒的传热过程,也可应用于其他领域的移动颗粒传热学研究。     

Aerobic bacterial flora of the vagina and prepuce of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and investigation of associations with urogenital carcinoma

To investigate the association between genital bacterial infection and urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), vaginal and preputial swabs for bacterial isolation were taken from 148 free-ranging and 51 stranded California sea lions including 16 animals with urogenital carcinoma. Cytological examination of vaginal or preputial smears showed a majority (65.5%, 57/87) of animals examined had mild or no inflammation. Aerobic bacteria were isolated from 116 (78.4%) wild sea lions and 100% of stranded animals. A total of 403 isolates were identified representing 51 unique bacterial species. The median number of isolates per animal increased with age in the wild group, but there was no difference in the number of isolates per animal between wild and stranded adults. The most common bacteria isolated from the wild sea lions were Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus (39 isolates), non-hemolytic Streptococcus (35 isolates), Corynebacterium spp. (30 isolates), and Escherichia coli (20 isolates). More bacterial species were isolated from stranded animals than wild animals (33 versus 26) and there was significantly less growth of P. phenylpyruvicus, Corynebacterium spp., and Moraxella-like spp. in the stranded animals. Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus was the only bacterium significantly associated with urogenital carcinomas in California sea lions, but only in females.