Mechanism of in vitro antagonism of phytopathogenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scelrotium rolfsii</Emphasis> by actinomycetes

Sclerotium rolfsii (Sr), a soil-borne fungal pathogen, causes disease in a wide range of crops. Recently, we identified five actinomycetes (Streptomyces globisporus subsp. globisporus, S. globisporus, S. flavotricini, S. pactum, and S. senoensis) showing significant inhibitory effects on plant pathogens. In this study, the effects of the five actinomycetes for the biocontrol of Sr were investigated using the plate culture method and microscopy examination. Two actinomycetes with higher inhibitory effect were subsequently examined for the inhibition of sclerotial germination of Sr in unsterile soil in vitro. The cell-free cultures of five actinomycetes mediated significant inhibition of hyphal growth and sclerotial formation and germination of Sr. All actinomycete strains exhibited the ability to produce extracellular cell wall degrading enzymes in the culture conditions. The crude enzyme suspensions of S. flavotricini and S. pactum hydrolyzed the cell wall of Sr. At a dose of 1 g per kilogram soil, the solid formulations of S. flavotricini and S. senoensis prevented germination of 24% and 68% of sclerotia, respectively. Our results provide evidence of effective strains for the biocontrol of Sr, in addition to a further understanding of the underlying mechanism.     

Effects of polyethylene glycol and a synthetic ice blocker during vitrification of immature porcine oocytes on survival and subsequent embryo development

We evaluated the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Supercool X‐1000 (SC) as supplements during the vitrification of immature cumulus‐enclosed porcine oocytes in a solution based on 17.5% ethylene glycol + 17.5% propylene glycol. After warming, the oocytes were subjected to in vitro maturation, fertilization and embryo culture. In Experiment 1, equilibration and vitrification solutions were supplemented with or without 2% (w/v) PEG (PEG+ and PEG‐, respectively). The survival rate, cleavage and blastocyst development were similar between PEG+ and PEG‐ groups; however, all values were lower than those in the non‐vitrified control. In Experiment 2, vitrification solution was supplemented with or without 1% (v/v) SC (SC+ and SC‐, respectively). The percentages of survival and blastocyst development were similar between SC+ and SC‐ groups but lower than those in the non‐vitrified control. The percentage of cleavage in the SC‐ group was significantly lower than the control and the SC+ groups, which were in turn similar to one another. In both experiments, the cell numbers in blastocysts were not significantly different among the non‐vitrified and vitrified groups. In conclusion, PEG did not improve oocyte survival and embryo development, whereas SC improved the ability of surviving oocytes to cleave but not to develop into blastocysts.     

干旱胁迫对野生和栽培大豆根系特征及生理指标的影响

以4份野生大豆(永5、永26、永46、永52)和4份栽培大豆(中黄13、冀豆12、秦皇10、秦皇29)为材料,用不同浓度(0%,10%,20%,30%)PEG6000模拟水分胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对野生和栽培大豆幼苗根系特征和生理指标的影响.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的增加,不同大豆材料的根系特性存在显著差异,大豆抗旱性与总根长、总根表面积、总根体积呈正相关,与平均根直径呈负相关;隶属函数综合评定结果表明4份野生大豆的抗旱性均强于栽培大豆,其中栽培大豆中黄13抗旱性最差.干旱胁迫下,野生大豆、栽培大豆的叶片相对含水量呈下降趋势,丙二醛含量均比0%PEG6000有所增加,但不同材料间叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的表现趋势不同,说明野生大豆和栽培大豆的抗旱生理指标存在一定的差异.     

基于改进占空比扰动法的光伏系统的研究

针对车辆轮荷的显著差异会降低车辆的平顺性和驱动能力这一问题,提出了一种油气耦连悬架系统.首先介绍了该系统的结构和原理,并在Matlab/Simulink下搭建了其动力学模型,最后将该模型与车辆动力学仿真软件Carsim进行联合仿真,在不平路面下对是否装有该耦连悬架系统车辆的侧倾角、不足转向度、发动机输出功率等指标进行仿真对比,研究该耦连悬架系统对车辆平顺性和操纵稳定性的影响.仿真结果表明,油气耦连悬架系统可以增加车辆的通过性和驱动能力,提高车辆的平顺性.     

放线菌对棉花幼苗生长及抗旱能力的影响

采用种衣剂包衣接种及盆栽生物试验研究了放线菌对棉种发芽、棉苗抗旱能力、光合能力及生长能力的影响。结果表明:①单用放线菌剂做种衣剂,棉种的发芽势与发芽率分别提高了11.75%与7.41%;单用保水剂做种衣剂,棉种的发芽势、发芽率分别降低了17.65%与14.81%;二者混合做种衣剂,对棉种的发芽势和发芽率影响不大。②单用放线菌作种衣剂,棉苗在第10天和第20天时的萎蔫率分别较对照降低了43.48%和92.86%,其降低幅度随着棉苗苗龄增加而增强;单用保水剂作种衣剂,棉苗的萎蔫率在第10天和第20天时较对照分别降低了56.52%和28.57%,其降低幅度随着棉苗苗龄增加而减弱。③放线菌对棉花幼苗真叶面积、叶片绿色度和棉花幼苗生物量的菌剂效应分别约为保水剂效应的8倍、2倍和4倍,保水剂对棉苗根系生长表现出抑制作用。供试放线菌制剂作为棉花种衣剂能显著促进棉苗生长并提高抗旱能力,与保水剂以适宜比例混合时,也表现出良好的效果。菌剂效果优于保水剂。     

宁夏灌区春小麦高产磷肥施用增产效果研究

宁夏灌区土壤多为灌淤土和淡灰钙土,磷肥施用受Ca、Mg离子的束缚,易被固定成难溶性磷酸盐,从而影响到作物产量及磷肥当年利用效率。本文在高磷（速效P 42.8mg/kg）和低磷（速效P 6.55mg/kg）的不同土壤上,分别进行了春小麦磷肥（P2O5）施量0–330kg/hm2的回归试验。其结果得出：在低磷土壤上,磷肥（P2O5）施量（x,kg/hm2）与春小麦产量(Y, kg/hm2)的回归方程为：Y=4072.1+5.014x+0.1296x2-0.0003133x3,增产效果极显著;而在高磷土壤上磷肥增产效果不显著。磷肥施量在0-240 kg/hm2的施用范围内,低磷土壤有显著的投入产出效益,试验投入产出效益为10-24元/元（小麦价格2.1元/kg,磷肥P2O5价格8.61元/kg）,最高投入产出效益对应的磷肥施量为135 kg/hm2。因此针对宁夏灌区土壤肥力,提出了中低产田春小麦高产的推荐施磷方案以及高肥力土壤条件下小麦磷肥的施肥建议,可结合耕翻深施磷肥或磷肥、有机肥混合施,改善土壤PH值及微生物活性,提高磷肥肥效。     

《计算机组成原理》课程教学改革探索与实践

通过对普通本科院校计算机组成原理课程教学中存在的问题的深入分析,针对计算机组成原理课程的特点,探讨性提出从理论教学和实践教学两方面同步、深入进行改革的详细方案,并在教学过程中加以实践,为计算机组成原理课程的教学改革提供了新的思路。     

Properties of wool/spandex core-spun yarn produced on modified woolen spinning frame

Spandex has been successfully applied on modified worsted spinning system to produce spandex core spun yarn. However it’s difficult to produce wool/spandex core-spun yarn on woolen spinning system with the same modified device because the drafting device of the two systems is quite different. A new method is introduced to apply spandex on woolen spinning system in this paper. Core-spun yarn produced in this way has good appearance and quality by comparing with normal yarn. A series of experiments were carried out to study the influence of spandex drafting ratio and yarn twist factor on tensile properties and elasticity of core-spun yarns. The results indicate that core-spun yarn with spandex drawing ratio of 2.5 and twist factor of 13.63 has highest value of tenacity and breaking elongation.     

Nitrogen deposition impacts on the amount and stability of soil organic matter in an alpine meadow ecosystem depend on the form and rate of applied nitrogen

The effects of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems are controversial. Therefore, it is important to evaluate accurately the effects of applied N levels and forms on the amount and stability of soil organic carbon (SOC) in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, a multi‐form, small‐input N addition experiment was conducted at the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station from 2007 to 2011. Three N fertilizers, NH₄Cl, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and KNO₃, were applied at four rates: 0, 10, 20 and 40 kg N ha^?1 year^?1. One hundred and eight soil samples were collected at 10‐cm intervals to a depth of 30 cm in 2011. Contents and δ¹³C values of bulk SOC were measured, as well as three particle‐size fractions: macroparticulate organic C (MacroPOC, > 250 µm), microparticulate organic C (MicroPOC, 53–250 µm) and mineral‐associated organic C (MAOC, < 53 µm). The results show that 5 years of N addition changed SOC contents, δ¹³C values of the bulk soils and various particle‐size fractions in the surface 10‐cm layer, and that they were dependent on the amounts and forms of N application. Ammonium‐N addition had more significant effects on SOC content than nitrate‐N addition. For the entire soil profile, small additions of N increased SOC stock by 4.5% (0.43 kg C m^?2), while medium and large inputs of N decreased SOC stock by 5.4% (0.52 kg C m^?2) and 8.8% (0.85 kg C m^?2), respectively. The critical load of N deposition appears to be about 20 kg N ha^?1 year^?1. The newly formed C in the small‐input N treatment remained mostly in the > 250 µm soil MacroPOC, and the C lost in the medium or large N treatments was from the > 53 µm POC fraction. Five years of ammonium‐N addition increased significantly the surface soil POC:MAOC ratio and increased the instability of soil organic matter (SOM). These results suggest that exogenous N input within the critical load level will benefit C sequestration in the alpine meadow soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau over the short term.     

Determination and kinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in Tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) using a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method

Determination and kinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in Tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) using a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 34, 142-152. The fluoroquinolones enrofloxacin (EF) and ciprofloxacin (CF) residues were investigated in the edible tissues of two important Asian aquacultured species such as Tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) using a sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method. Fish and prawn were treated with medicated feed with multiple doses of EF, in field conditions. A validation study of the analytical method was realized in terms of linearity, specificity, precision (repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility), recovery and decision limit (CCα). The time needed before the antibiotic disappears from animal tissues or reach the maximum residue limit (MRL, 100μg/kg) was assessed. The concentration values of EF detected in Tra catfish tissue were between the MRL and 2×MRL concentrations, according to the fish density, 7days following the end of the enrofloxacin treatment (20mg/kg body weight per day, for seven consecutive days). The concentration value of ER in prawn tissue was lower than the MRL and the limit of quantification (LOQ, 14μg/kg) 5 and 7days after the stop of the EF treatment (50mg/kg body weight per day, for five consecutive days), respectively. The mean detected levels of CF was much lower in comparison with that of EF, indicating that only a small part of EF is metabolized into CF (<5%) in both Tra catfish and prawn.