杂交粳稻泗优422制种特性探讨

观察了７３１Ａ、六千辛Ａ、轮回４２２、７７３０２的开花习性，并对其相互杂交的结实率进行了调查。与六千辛Ａ相比，７３１Ａ开花持续天数较短，开颖角度较小，柱头外露率低，开闭时间略长。在相同授粉条件下，７３１Ａ与轮回４２２的结实率低于六千辛Ａ与７７３０２。     

2+1维非线性KDV方程组的单行波解分类

应用多项式的完全判别系统,以分类的形式给出2+1维非线性KDV方程组的单行波解,这个方法能够获得方程组的全部精确解,其中一部分是新解。同时通过赋予方程中参数具体数值,构造出单行波解的具体结构和波形图。     

杂交大豆杂优豆1号选育

杂优豆1号(皖豆25号)是安徽省农科院作物所1997年以M型质核互作雄性不育系W931A与恢复系WR016组配的杂交大豆新组合,这是世界上第二个通过正式审定、可进行产业化开发的大豆杂交种.2002-2003年参加安徽省夏大豆品种区域试验,两年平均产量191.16 kg/667m2,比CK中豆20增产15.37%,均达极显著水平.2003年参加安徽省夏大豆品种生产试验,平均产量177.28 kg/667m2,比CK中豆20增产19.14%.在多年多点试验示范中表现抗病、高抗倒伏、高产稳产的优点,蛋白质含量43.56%,脂肪含量18.96%,生育期111 d,商品性好,适于安徽省淮北及江淮地区作中熟品种种植.     

施氮量对超高产冬小麦花后光合特性及产量的影响

为给冬小麦超高产栽培中氮肥合理运筹提供参考依据,于2007-2008年在河南温县、兰考两试验点,以两个具有超高产潜力的冬小麦品种豫麦49和兰考矮早八为供试材料,在全生育期施氮0、90、180、270 和360 kg N ·hm-2（底施和拔节期追施各半）的条件下,研究了施氮量对冬小麦光合特性、干物质积累和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,两试验点施氮量180和270 kg·hm-2处理的籽粒产量均达到了每公顷9 000 kg以上的水平,高于其他施氮处理,与不施氮和90 kg N ·hm-2处理间差异均达显著水平。进一步分析发现,与其他处理相比,180和270 kg·hm-2处理提高了两个小麦品种开花后旗叶光合速率和SPAD值,进而增加了花后干物质积累量。两试验点的施氮处理对大穗型品种兰考矮早八成穗数影响不显著,而施氮量180和270 kg·hm-2处理显著提高了多穗型品种豫麦49的成穗数;两品种穗粒数和粒重均表现为不施氮和90 kg N ·hm-2处理显著低于适宜施氮量（180和270 kg N ·hm-2）处理。两品种在两试验点获得最高产量的施氮量不同,豫麦49和兰考矮早八分别在270和180 kg·hm-2获得最高产量。由此可见,在本试验条件下,两个品种在施氮量180~270 kg·hm-2、基施和拔节期比例5∶5条件下,在稳定足够穗数的基础上,增加穗粒数,促进花后物质积累量,提高粒重,可实现超高产。     

丰、枯水期里下河腹地典型水体浮游动物群落结构与水质评价

为了探究丰枯水期里下河腹地典型水体中浮游动物的群落结构特征,通过布设20个采样站点,于2014年丰水期(7月29日)和枯水期(12月24日)对里下河腹地典型水体进行了2次全面调查,并对水质状况进行了评价。结果表明,里下河腹地典型水体共鉴定出浮游动物21种(包括变种和变型),无节幼体1类;其中轮虫最多,共14种,占浮游动物总种数的66.6%;枝角类次之,共6种,占28.6%;桡足类最少,仅1种,占4.8%;各站点浮游动物种类组成和密度均以轮虫和枝角类为主,数量在5~15种,密度变化在9.8~102.2个/L。浮游动物相似性指数在0.18~0.55,平均为0.36,偏向于轻度相似,表明丰水期与枯水期的生境差异较大。优势种的优势度不高,在0.023~0.297;多样性指数在1.73~3.56,均匀度指数在0.67~0.95,表明丰、枯水期里下河腹地典型水体的浮游动物群落信息含量较大、群落结构处于较稳定状态。浮游动物多样性和水质监测结果均表明,枯水期水质优于丰水期,枯水期水质基本处于清洁状态,丰水期水质基本处于中度污染状态;污染源主要为面源污染,且串场河(6号)、新通扬运河(12号)、喜鹊湖(17号)、兴姜河(18号)受人类活动影响较大。     

Fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 enriches the diversity of nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut

Previously, the application of the fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 exhibited notable effect in alleviating soil obstacles caused by continuous cropping of peanut. It was supposed that P. liquidambari B3 could enhance the efficiency of nodulation and nitrogen fixation by enriching the diversity of nodular endophytic bacteria under continous monocropping system. To verify this hypothesis, a pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions. Four treatments were set as follow: discontinuous cropping soil (NS), continuous cropping soil (CK), continuous cropping soil inoculate with actived P. liquidambari B3 (CSB3), and continuous cropping soil inoculate with sterilized P. liquidambari B3 (CSIB3). As a result, a total of 120 isolates were obtained. Our study clearly declared that the addition of fungal endophyte effectively enriched the genetic diversity and the community composition in CSB3. In contrast, a low genetic diversity level and simplex community structure were exhibited in CK and CSIB3. Meanwhile, the positive percentage rate and corresponding community composition of the plant growth-promoting isolates in NS and CSB3 were larger and more abundant than the other. This is the first time to describe the effects of fungal endophytes on the diversity of the nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut.     

电子鼻和电子舌单独与联合检测掺大豆蛋白或淀粉的鸡肉糜

为实现掺杂掺假鸡肉的快速、客观评价,该研究利用电子鼻和电子舌联合检测技术对掺杂鸡肉糜进行快速检测,通过对采集的数据进行主成分分析和偏最小二乘法分析,所得结果表明,采用主成分分析,电子鼻和电子舌联合检测掺大豆蛋白鸡肉糜和掺淀粉鸡肉糜的主成分总贡献率分别为99.8%和99.1%;采用偏最小二乘法分析,电子鼻和电子舌联合检测鸡肉糜中掺杂大豆蛋白含量的预测值与真实值之间的决定系数为0.992,均方根误差为2.8%;联合检测鸡肉糜中掺杂淀粉含量的预测值与真实值之间的决定系数为0.996,均方根误差为2.4%。表明电子鼻和电子舌联合检测对鸡肉糜的掺杂情况具有良好的区分和预测能力,并且是一种有效、高精度的肉类掺假检测方法。     

入射角度对气力射播小麦种粒入土参数影响的试验研究

针对稻麦轮作区黏湿土壤条件下的小麦机械化播种,为避免传统接触式小麦播种技术存在的粘附堵塞严重和作业阻力、功耗大等问题,该文采用非接触式小麦气力射播技术理论,通过自制的小麦气力射播试验台,开展整洁种床土壤条件下入射角度对气力射播小麦种粒入土参数影响的试验研究。试验结果表明:随着入射角度的增加,相同加速气压下小麦种粒的射播速度垂直分量和射播深度不断增加,小麦种粒触土后产生水平滑移和弹跳的几率变小,且各入射角度下射播深度与射播速度呈正相关关系,不同入射角度下小麦种粒呈现出不同射播深度和土壤冲击效果,小麦种粒未产生损坏情况;当入射角度≥45°和射播速度垂直分量≥25 m/s时,小麦种粒可被完全射播入土壤中且出苗率大于86%,90°入射角度下的射播效果最好。同时,为实现田间作业时小麦种粒的垂直射播入土,应使射播速度水平分量与机具作业速度相等且射播速度垂直分量≥25m/s。试验结果可为非接触式小麦射播装备的研制提供基础数据和技术支撑。     

发酵床垫料翻耙结合网床养殖改善鸭舍空气质量与鸭生产性能

为解决规模化肉鸭生产中粪污影响鸭健康和污染环境的问题,研发了一种发酵床结合网床架养新技术及其配套的可移动式网床下发酵床垫料翻耙系统,并研究了该模式在控制舍内气载微生物数量和提高鸭生产性能中的优势。结果显示:1)可移动式发酵床垫料翻耙系统实现不同发酵床体共用一台翻耙机。2)与发酵床平养相比,鸭26日龄之前未翻耙垫料时,发酵床网养舍内需氧菌总数(1.531×105 CFU/m3)和大肠杆菌数量(1.298×104 CFU/m3)显著升高(P0.05);鸭27~34日龄时每4 d翻耙垫料,发酵床网养舍内需氧菌总数(2.304×105 CFU/m3)和金黄色葡萄球菌数量(1.353×105 CFU/m3)显著降低(P0.05);鸭35~39日龄时每天翻耙垫料,发酵床网养舍内需氧菌总数(1.255×105 CFU/m3)和"沙门+志贺"氏菌数量(14.13 CFU/m3)显著降低(P0.05)。3)在发酵床平养舍内,与每4 d翻耙1次垫料相比,每天翻耙1次垫料舍内需氧菌总数(2.688×105 CFU/m3)、大肠杆菌(2.038×104 CFU/m3)、金黄色葡萄球菌(8.90×104 CFU/m3)和"沙门+志贺"氏菌(47.11 CFU/m3)数量显著(P0.05)降低,而在发酵床网养舍内,每天翻耙1次垫料舍内需氧菌总数(1.255×105 CFU/m3)和"沙门+志贺"氏菌(14.13 CFU/m3)数量显著降低(P0.05)。4)与发酵床平养相比,发酵床网养增加鸭体质量(P0.05),降低死亡率和上市淘汰率(P0.05)。结果表明研发的肉鸭养殖新模式能更好地减少舍内空气中病原菌浓度,改善鸭舍内空气环境,提高鸭生产性能。该研究为发酵床结合网床架养新模式在规模企业中推广应用提供技术支持。     

pH-dependent distribution of soil ammonia oxidizers across a large geographical scale as revealed by high-throughput pyrosequencing

Purpose

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) are ubiquitous and important for nitrogen transformations in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the distribution patterns of these microorganisms as affected by the terrestrial environments across a large geographical scale are not well understood. This study was designed to gain insights into the ecological characteristics of AOA and AOB in 65 soils, collected from a wide range of soil and ecosystem types.

Materials and methods

Barcoded pyrosequencing in combination with quantitative PCR was employed to characterize the relative abundance, diversity, and community composition of archaeal 16S rRNA gene, and AOA and AOB amoA genes in 65 soil samples.

Results and discussion

The operational taxonomic unit richness and Shannon diversity of Thaumarchaeota, AOA, and AOB were highly variable among different soils, but their variations were best explained by soil pH. Soil pH was strongly correlated with the overall community composition of ammonia oxidizers, as measured by the pairwise Bray–Curtis dissimilarity across all sites. These findings were further corroborated by the evident pH-dependent distribution patterns of four thaumarchaeal groups (I.1a-associated, I.1b, I.1c, and I.1c-associated) and four AOB clusters (2, 3a.1, 10, and 12). The ratios of AOA to AOB amoA gene copy numbers significantly decreased with increasing pH, suggesting a competitive advantage of AOA over AOB in acidic soils.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the distribution of ammonia oxidizers across large-scale biogeographical settings can be largely predicted along the soil pH gradient, thus providing important indications for the ecological characteristics of AOA and AOB in different soils.