小豆矮秆窄叶突变基因对农艺性状的影响

【目的】研究小豆矮秆窄叶突变体(nld)的遗传行为及观察矮秆窄叶突变基因控制的农艺性状的变化。【方法】选用高秆小豆种质资源GM904与nld进行杂交,对亲本和F2、F3、F4各世代分离群体中个体形态进行调查统计,对株高、茎粗、主茎节数、第1至5节间长、前10节间长、单株粒数、百粒重、单株产量、荚长、荚宽、单株荚数等15个农艺性状进行调查分析。【结果】遗传分析结果表明,突变体中矮秆窄叶性状由一对隐性单基因控制。各性状间存在一定的显著或极显著差异,其中株高、茎粗、主茎节数、前10节间长、荚长、单株荚数的广义遗传力达到0.9以上,可作为小豆杂交育种的选择指标。【结论】矮秆窄叶突变基因导致株高变矮,叶变窄,茎变细,主茎节数减少,各节间长缩短,荚变小,产量显著降低。     

塞罕坝湿地资源现状与保护对策

文章阐述了塞罕坝湿地资源现状调查方法,并以调查资料为依据,以湿地类型、野生动植物资源状况为主要内容,分析了塞罕坝湿地资源现状和基本特征,并结合湿地所处社会环境等,提出了塞罕坝湿地的保护对策,为塞罕坝湿地保护与恢复提供基础支撑。     

土壤处理对西洋参根际线虫数量动态的影响及对防治茎线虫根腐病的效果

 Root rot of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) caused by Ditylenchus destructor is a novel disease found recently in Beijing area. The effects of three soil treatments (fumigating with chloropicrin, chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure and nematicide fosthiazate) on the number of rhizospheric nematodes, survived plants, root yield and root rot of 3-year ginseng plant were compared. The effects were also investigated at the second year after treatment. The results indicated that the number of parasitic nematodes in rhizosphere of treated soil reached the peak value in late June to early July as the soil temperature raised in the growing season. Compared with the regular treatment, the number of plant parasitic nematodes was reduced while non-plant parasitic nematodes increased. The number of non-plant parasitic nematodes in the soil treated with chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure was 2 times than that treated with chloropicrin only. The ratio of non-parasitic to parasitic nematodes of three treatments was higher than the control. Percent of survived plants was 94.8%-96.4% and diseased root was decreased obviously. The control efficacy was more than 89% at the first year after treatment. The survived plants and plot yield of ginseng increased significantly and the control efficacy was around 40% at the second year. The best of the three treatments was by chloropicrin + organic manure.     

人心果转录组De novo组装及奇可胶途径相关基因的分析

为了探索人心果(Manilkara zapota L.)的转录组及奇可胶合成相关的基因,使用Illumina测序平台,对人心果果实、树皮和叶片分别进行转录组测序,使用Trinity等软件进行De novo组装和注释以及计算表达量,采用实时荧光定量PCR对转录组数据进行验证。经过组装得到162 455条unigene,总长度达139 792 553 nt,平均长度达861 nt,N50达1 544 nt。通过与NR、NT、Swiss-Prot、KEGG、COG和GO等数据库比对,共计89 628条unigene得到注释。以组装出来的unigene作为参考序列,在人心果转录组中共鉴别出57 362个SSR位点,果实、叶片和树皮表达的基因中分别检测到99 925、65 989和129109个SNP位点。在人心果转录组中共鉴别出105个与奇可胶合成相关的unigene,参与甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径的基因在果实和树皮中表达量较高,磷酸盐(MEP)途径中的基因则在叶片中的表达量较高,实时荧光定量PCR结果与转录组计算得到的表达量一致。初步推测MVA途径可能是奇可胶合成的主要途径。     

秸秆还田条件下水稻-蔬菜轮作对土壤细菌群落的影响

为了探明海南地区秸秆还田条件下水稻-蔬菜轮作对土壤细菌群落的影响,通过设置水稻-水稻(SS)、水稻-青瓜(SQ)和水稻-黄秋葵(SH)3个处理,经持续2年的田间试验,采用Illumina平台HiSeq高通量测序技术测定并比较了土壤细菌群落的差异,分析了其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明:1)测序共获得347 544条读数,平均长度436bp,计16 094个OTUs。SS处理土壤含有的OTUs最多,分别较SQ和SH处理高出7.8%和9.4%。2)3个处理土壤细菌丰富度无显著(P0.05)差异,水稻-青瓜轮作(SQ)会降低土壤细菌多样性,提高细菌优势度。3)水稻-蔬菜轮作使厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)的相对丰度升高,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)的相对丰度降低;增加了放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)、芽单胞菌纲(Gemmatimonadetes)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)和热微菌纲(Thermomicrobia)的相对丰度,降低了酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)和纤线杆菌纲(Ktedonobacteria)的相对丰度。4)变形菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度与土壤电导率(EC)和有效磷含量(AP)正相关,与C/N负相关;绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门的相对丰度与土壤pH、C/N正相关,与土壤有机质(OM)和碱解氮(AHN)含量负相关。     

基于ABAQUS土坡降雨入渗应力应变及稳定性研究

降雨会影响土体的力学参数,通过ABAQUS对雨水入渗的瞬态渗流对土坡应力、应变的影响进行研究,以一理想边坡作为案例进行建模与计算,不考虑降雨积水的影响,认为静水压力随深度线性增加,建立CPE4P网格进行计算.后处理中,对其渗透率、孔压、横纵向位移、偏应力、塑性应变以及应力路径等作了分析,得出一系列降雨入渗作用下应力、应变及稳定性的相关结论.     

水稻抗性基因Pi对福建省稻瘟病菌优势菌群的抗性分析

【目的】抗病品种的合理利用和布局是实现水稻抗瘟持久化的关键因子之一。为明确水稻24个抗性基因在福建省的抗病性及其应用前景,【方法】首先分别采用全国稻瘟病菌生理小种鉴别品种和CO39近等基因系来鉴定2012-2015年间从福建省各稻区种植的普感品种丽江新团黑谷上采集的347株稻瘟病菌单孢菌株的生理小种类型和致病型,再测定24个抗性基因对福建省稻瘟病菌的抗性。【结果】根据全国稻瘟病菌生理小种鉴别品种对菌株的抗感反应,可将供试稻瘟病菌的生理小种划分为6个群36个生理小种,其中ZA、ZB和ZC为主要种群,ZC15、ZD7和ZB15为优势生理小种。根据CO39近等基因系的接种结果,将供试稻瘟病菌划分为17个致病类型,其中I34.1为优势致病型。供试的24个抗性基因对347株福建省稻瘟病菌菌株的抗性频率不同,抗谱为9.80%~89.91%。其中,Pi-k~m、Pi-7(t)、Pi-9(t)、Pi-k~p、Pi-k、Pi-k~h、Pi-z~5和Pi-ta(1)等8个抗性基因的抗病性较强,抗谱均高于70.00%。【结论】说明这8个抗性基因在福建省具有较好的应用前景,育种时可以考虑联合利用这些抗性基因。同时,实验结果表明,这8个抗性基因对主要生理小种的抗谱和主要致病型的抗谱均值高于69.00%,与其对所有测试菌株的抗谱吻合。说明利用稻瘟病菌的优势种群或优势致病型来鉴定水稻品种的抗病性是可靠的。     

基于颜色直方图和LBP-TD算子的木板材节疤缺陷区域检测

提出一种基于颜色和纹理信息的木板材表面节疤缺陷区域检测方法。首先,根据木板材表面图像中正常区域和缺陷区域的颜色差异,通过颜色直方图自动获取缺陷区域的种子点;然后,提出一种纹理扩散算法,它从种子点出发,基于图像局部纹理特征搜索缺陷区域的边缘。此外,改进了局部二进制模式算子,提出一种LBP-TD算子以更好地适应纹理扩散。实验结果表明:针对各种常见的木板材节疤缺陷,当缺陷区域与正常木纹区域的颜色、纹理存在较明显差异时,无论木纹本身是否规则,本文方法都能准确地检测出木板材节疤缺陷的区域;而当缺陷区域与正常木纹区域的颜色、纹理的差异均不明显时,本文方法仍能检测出缺陷区域的大致轮廓。数据对比显示了本文方法的误检率要低于传统的OTSU法。      

Monilinia fructicola on loquat: An old pathogen invading a new host

Monilinia fructicola has been widely reported as the causal agent of brown rot disease on many Rosaceae family fruits worldwide. It has been reported on stone fruits, e.g., peach, plum, cherry, apricot and mume; as well as pome fruits, e.g., apple, pear and hawthorn. Loquat is a member of the Eriobotrya genus in subfamily Maloideae along with apple, pear and hawthorn. So far, loquat has not been reported as the host of any Monilia species. In June 2019, brown rot symptoms were observed on loquat fruits in an orchard in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Thirty single spore isolates were obtained and identified as M. fructicola based on morphological characteristics and molecular analysis. This is the first report of loquat brown rot disease caused by Monilia species in the world. Furthermore, upon artificial inoculation, all three Monilia species from peach in China, i.e., M. fructicola, M. mumecola and M. yunnanensis, could cause typical brown rot disease on loquat fruits. At the same time, M. fructicola isolates from loquat showed virulence similar to those isolates from peach when the pathogenicity test was conducted on peach fruits. These results suggested that loquat could be infected by other Monilia species and that isolates from loquat also have potential to damage other Rosaceae family fruits in practice.     

长期施肥对不同深度稻田土壤团聚体磷素分配的影响

长期磷肥投入显著增加了耕层土壤各团聚体组分中磷素累积,而作为评判磷素是否向地下水迁移的重要指标,深层土壤团聚体磷素分配对长期磷肥投入的响应仍缺乏系统评估。本研究依托始于1981年红壤稻田长期定位试验,选取不施磷肥（NK）、氮磷钾化肥（NPK）和氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理,在长期试验40年后（2020年）,分别采集0～20、20～40、40～60 cm深度的土壤样品,测定了全土和各团聚体组分的总磷和有效磷含量,并探讨了施肥-团聚体质量百分比-团聚体磷素之间的内在关系。结果表明,所有施肥处理均表现为>2 mm团聚体质量百分比随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低,与NK处理相比,磷肥施用显著提高了0～20 cm和20～40 cm全土和团聚体组分中有效磷含量,且NPKM处理的增幅最大。与NK处理相比,NPKM处理下0～20、20～40cm和40～60 cm各团聚体总磷含量分别提高了2.14～2.60、1.39～2.80倍和27.03%～180%,各团聚体有效磷含量增幅分别为12.95～18.29、7.57～12.31倍和70.67%～709%。同时,NPKM处理总磷和有效磷的增幅呈现出...