鱼类免疫学研究的进展

鱼类免疫学是从脊椎动物免疫学、鱼类微生物学以及鱼类组织学等学科中分划出来的。最近二十多年来,它发展很快,已形成一门新的学科。本文力图对该领域的发展现状和趋势作一概要的综述。     

高体鳑鲏幼鱼集群行为的研究

为了考查高体鳑鲏(Rhodeus ocellatus)幼鱼的集群行为,研究选取248尾幼鱼,组成1、2、4、8和16尾高体鳑鲏幼鱼的群体(N = 8),在(25 ± 1)℃水温条件下进行15分钟的视频拍摄、运动轨迹提取和分析。结果显示：①高体鳑鲏的自发游泳速度多介于0-10 cm/s之间,其速度中位数随群体大小上升呈先下降后上升的趋势(P ﹤ 0.05),但各组间游泳速度的同步性随群体大小的上升而下降(P ﹤ 0.05);②焦点鱼和群体中其它个体的最近邻距离(NND)多出现在0-10 cm之间,且2和4个体组的NND显著大于8和(或)16个体组(P ﹤ 0.05);③2和4个体组排列的极性显著高于8和16个体组(P ﹤ 0.05)。研究结果表明群体大小对高体鳑鲏集群行为的特征有显著影响,随群体大小上升,凝聚力上升,但协调性有所下降。     

消毒方式、无机盐浓度及光照强度对槲蕨孢子繁殖的影响

 研究了槲蕨（Drynaria roosii）孢子的无菌培养和常规繁殖方式,观察记录消毒方式、无机盐浓度和光照强度对槲蕨孢子萌发和配子体发育的影响.结果表明：槲蕨孢子接种后6～7 d即能萌发,60 d左右发育形成心形原叶体,100 d左右开始形成孢子体幼苗;采用NaClO消毒5.5 min左右是理想的消毒方式;在Knop’s培养基中孢子的萌发率最高,可达49%左右.低无机盐浓度的MS培养基有利于孢子萌发,但不利于配子体发育;黑暗条件下孢子能萌发但不能形成片状体.采用5% NaClO表面灭菌5.5 min, 1/2MS培养基在40 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光照条件下孢子萌发和配子体发育良好。     

黄金树花器官发生及发育的形态观察

利用普通光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术对黄金树花器官的发生及发育过程进行了观察.结果显示:(1)黄金树花器官的形态发生及发育过程集中于3月下旬-5月上旬;(2)花原基分化形成花的整个过程符合一般的分化顺序:花萼原基-花冠原基-雄蕊原基-雌蕊原基,且各原基在分化顺序上存在交叉;(3)花药及胚珠的发育与花器官的形态发生之间有明显的连续性,当花蕾直径为3.0 mm左右时花粉母细胞及完整的花粉囊壁形成,直径达到3.5 mm左右时胚珠中出现孢原细胞的分化,它直接起大孢子母细胞的功能.     

Comparing fire spread algorithms using equivalence testing and neutral landscape models

We demonstrate a method to evaluate the degree to which a meta-model approximates spatial disturbance processes represented by a more detailed model across a range of landscape conditions, using neutral landscapes and equivalence testing. We illustrate this approach by comparing burn patterns produced by a relatively simple fire spread algorithm with those generated by a more detailed fire behavior model from which the simpler algorithm was derived. Equivalence testing allows objective comparisons of the output of simple and complex models, to determine if the results are significantly similar. Neutral landscape models represent a range of landscape conditions that the model may encounter, allowing evaluation of the sensitivity and behavior of the model to different landscape compositions and configurations. We first tested the model for universal applicability, then narrowed the testing to assess the practical domain of applicability. As a whole, the calibrated simple model passed the test for significant equivalence using the 25% threshold. When applied to a range of landscape conditions different from the calibration scenarios, the model failed the tests for equivalence. Although our particular model failed the tests, the neutral landscape models were helpful in determining an appropriate domain of applicability and in assessing the model sensitivity to landscape changes. Equivalence testing provides an effective method for model comparison, and coupled with neutral landscapes, our approach provides an objective way to assess the domain of applicability of a spatial model.     

Effect of inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B on TNF-α-induced expression of angiotensinogen and production of angiotensinⅡ in glomerular mesangial cells

AIM: To study the effect of inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity on the expression of angiotensinogen (AGT) and the production of angiotensinⅡ (AngⅡ) induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) of SD rats. METHODS: The MCs of SD rats were isolated and divided into three groups as follows: control; MCs treated with TNF-α, and the MCs treated with TNF-α + pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC). The activity of nuclear factor-kappa B was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The expression of AGT was determined by RT-PCR for mRNA and Western blotting for protein. The concentration of angiotensinⅡ in supernatant was measured by RIA. RESULTS: The NF-κB activity in the MCs treated with TNF-α (20.67±9.14)×102 μg/cell was significantly higher than that in control cells ［(8.25±4.35)×102 μg/cell, P<0.01］ and the MCs treated with TNF-α+PDTC ［(7.20±4.57)×102 μg/cell, P<0.01］, and no significant difference was found between control and the MCs treated with TNF-α＋PDTC (P>0.05). The AGT mRNA level in the MCs treated with TNF-α (0.27±0.05) was higher than that in the control cells (0.20±0.05, P<0.05), and no significant difference was observed when compared with that in the MCs treated with TNF-α＋PDTC (0.22±0.06, P>0.05). The expression of AGT protein in the MCs treated with TNF-α (0.60±0.19) μg/cell was higher than that in the control ［(0.37±0.15)μg/cell, P＜0.05］ and the MCs treated with TNF-α＋PDTC ［(0.37±0.17)μg/cell, P<0.05］, and no significance was found between the MCs treated TNF-α＋PDTC and the control (P>0.05). The AngⅡ level in supernatant of cultured MCs treated with TNF-α ［(9.73±2.38)×10-5 ng·L-1/cell］ was significantly higher than that in the control ［(7.50±1.51)×10-5 ng·L-1/cell, P<0.05］ and in the MCs treated with TNF-α＋PDTC ［(6.94±1.46)×10-5 ng·L-1/cell, P<0.05］, however, the difference between the MCs treated with TNF-α＋PDTC and the control was of no significance (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: TNF-α activates the NF-κB in glomerular MCs, induces the AGT expression and the production of AngⅡ. Inhibition of NF-κB decreases the AGT expression and the production of AngⅡ. Therefore, the effects of TNF-α on AGT and AngⅡ may be mediated by NF-κB.     

小白菜耐盐性的遗传分析

以8个具有不同耐盐水平的小白菜自交系为试验材料,按完全双列杂交Ⅱ正交全轮配法配制杂交组合,采用Hayman法对小白菜耐盐性基因效应进行了初步分析。结果表明,小白菜耐盐性遗传符合加性-显性遗传模型;耐盐性主要表现为显性,盐敏感性为隐性;遗传效应中存在加性效应和显性效应,以显性效应为主,可能存在超显性,控制耐盐性表现显性的基因组数较少。     

甘蓝自交不亲和决定因子的体外表达和相互作用的检测

 S位点受体激酶(SRK)和S位点富含半胱氨酸蛋白/S位点蛋白11(SCR/SP11)分别为甘蓝自交不亲和(self-incompatibility, SI)信号传导的雌雄决定因子。为了深入研究两者的作用机理和进行人工调控,本研究以结球甘蓝ZQ为材料,利用pET·NusA融合蛋白表达系统,将包含SRK胞外域和跨膜域的mSRK蛋白和SCR蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21中融合表达,经SDS-PAGE电泳检测表达出融合蛋白大小分别约为116 kD和74 kD。进一步将两融合蛋白进行体外相互作用的检测,结果表明mSRK与SCR蛋白能够相互结合形成稳定的复合体,这为下一步实现SRK-SCR复合体聚合与解离的人为调控提供了技术平台。     

甘蓝与萝卜属间杂交及其胚挽救技术优化

以甘蓝显性雄性不育系C08-11为母本,以萝卜自交系Q07-12为父本进行属间杂交,对杂交子房和胚珠进行离体培养,筛选适合甘蓝与萝卜属间杂种胚挽救的适宜取材时间、培养基及外源添加物。结果表明,胚珠培养优于子房培养;所有处理子房培养仅获得3株杂交苗,取材时间以授粉后第9天为宜,B5培养基中添加合适的生长调节剂、水解酪蛋白和活性炭为子房培养所必需;胚珠培养各处理共获得29株杂交苗,适宜取材时间为蕾期授粉后第14天、花期授粉后第16天,对生长调节剂的需求取决于不同取材时期及培养基。     

水杨酸与高温锻炼对高温胁迫下葡萄叶肉细胞质膜ATPase活性的影响

采用水性两相分配法对经水杨酸(SA)和高温锻炼处理过的葡萄幼苗叶肉细胞中ATPase进行了分离和测定.结果表明:高温下,细胞质膜ATPase活性随着胁迫程度的加深均呈下降趋势,经SA和高温锻炼预处理后再经高温胁迫,发现质膜ATPase的活性低于正常条件下的水平(CK1),但明显高于未经处理直接进行高温胁迫后ATPase活性水平,即高温锻炼和SA预处理的质膜酶活仍保持了较高的活性,并且后一种处理效果更明显.说明质膜上ATPase活性的变化对高温胁迫作出了一定的响应,SA和高温锻炼对提高葡萄幼苗叶片的抗热性与二者可以维持细胞质膜上ATPase活性的稳定有关.