红壤溶磷菌的筛选及溶磷机制

采用以磷酸铝为磷源的蒙金娜(PVK)液体培养基研究了从红壤土中筛选出的4种溶磷菌的溶磷效果,选出其中的优势菌株B1,并对其溶磷机理做出初步探讨。结果表明,所筛选出的4株溶磷菌在液体培养条件下均有显著的溶磷效果,其中菌株B1在培养4 d后有效溶磷量最大,达到292.8 mg L-1。各处理培养液pH在培养期间均有显著下降,pH从7.0下降至3.2~4.7。高效液相色谱测定发现,各菌株培养液中有机酸的种类与含量随培养时间变化而不同,其中菌株B1主要分泌草酸和苹果酸,培养1 d后有机酸总量可达到5 mmol L-1;通过添加有机酸对磷酸铝活化的试验表明,分泌有机酸溶磷仅是菌株B1溶磷机制之一,可能还存在其他溶磷机制。菌株B1生长的适宜pH范围为5~9,最适培养温度为30℃,100 ml三角瓶的最适装液量为30~40 ml。经鉴定,菌株B1与苏云金芽孢杆菌有99.9%的相似性。     

Long-term cultivation impact on the heavy metal behavior in a reclaimed wetland,Northeast China

Purpose

Heavy metal fractionation varies according to land uses. To understand the behavior of heavy metals in wetland soils under long-term agricultural cultivation, we examined the distribution, source, and associated environmental risk of heavy metals in different types of wetland soils.

Materials and methods

Soils were collected in cultivated lands, artificial ditches, and riparian zones from a reclaimed wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. They were analyzed for total concentrations and chemical fractions of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni, as well as pH, soil organic matter, total phosphorus, and particle size distribution.

Results and discussion

Heavy metal concentrations were significantly lower in cultivated wetland than in ditch and riparian wetlands. Riparian wetland was found to exhibit the highest metal concentrations. When compared with other two wetland types, the cultivated wetland showed much higher partitioning levels of heavy metals in the acid-soluble fraction and lower partitioning levels in the oxidizable fraction. Although Cr, Cu, and Ni in ditch and riparian wetlands were identified as the metal pollutants of primary concern, they had a low or no risk of further dispersion to other environmental components. Weathering of parent materials was the main source of Cr and Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn originated mainly from agricultural practices, and Ni emanated from a mixture of sources.

Conclusions

Long-term agricultural cultivation can lead to significant heavy metal loss in cultivated wetland but enrich heavy metal concentrations in ditch and riparian wetlands. Periodic ditch dredging is considered an effective measure for decreasing heavy metal input into the fluvial system and thereby reducing the dispersion to the regional water environment.     

添加秸秆对不同有机含量土壤酸度及缓冲性能的影响

通过向低（LSOM）、中（MSOM）、高（HSOM）及去除（RSOM）有机质土壤中添加玉米秸秆进行室内培养试验,研究秸秆添加量对不同有机质含量土壤酸度及缓冲性能的影响。结果表明,在15℃恒温培养150天后,土壤pH、交换性盐基离子、CEC和盐基饱和度的含量均随着秸秆添加量的增加而上升,交换性H⁺、交换性Al³⁺含量均随着秸秆添加量的增加而降低;其中,秸秆添加量为10~15 g/kg时,LSOM处理中土壤pH增幅、交换性Al³⁺及交换性H⁺含量减幅最大;秸秆添加量为15~20 g/kg时,在MSOM和HSOM处理中土壤pH增幅及土壤交换性Al³⁺、交换性H⁺含量减幅最大;且HSOM处理添加秸秆后对降低土壤酸度效果最好。土壤中添加秸秆后可明显提高土壤酸碱缓冲能力,且土壤对加碱侧表现出的缓冲区间比酸侧明显;土壤的缓冲容量随秸秆添加量增加而升高,且HSOM处理对酸碱缓冲能力 > MSOM处理 > LSOM处理 > RSOM处理。     

咸水灌溉对麦—玉两熟制农田土壤水稳性团聚体的影响

为探明咸水灌溉对麦—玉两熟轮作农田土壤团聚体的影响效应,在长期定位咸水灌溉试验(始于2006年)的基础上,研究了不同矿化度咸水连续灌溉第13~14年农田土壤盐分(EC e)及水稳性团聚体分布和稳定性指标的变化规律。试验设置5个灌溉水矿化度处理,分别为1,2,4,6,8 g/L。结果表明,0—40 cm土层土壤EC e随灌溉水矿化度增加而增大,4,6,8 g/L灌水处理与1 g/L处理间差异达显著水平。咸水灌溉改变土壤水稳性团聚体的粒级分布,灌溉水矿化度≤4 g/L时,0—40 cm土壤水稳性团聚体以大团聚体(>0.25 mm)为优势粒级,随灌溉水矿化度增加,大团聚体质量分数降低,微团聚体(0.053~0.25 mm)和粉+黏团聚体(<0.053 mm)质量分数增大,当灌溉水矿化度达到6 g/L时,粉+黏团聚体占比最大。咸水灌溉降低土壤水稳性团聚体的稳定性,随灌溉水矿化度的增加,土壤团聚体平均重量直径和几何平均直径减小,分形维数增大,但2 g/L与1 g/L灌水处理间无显著差异。在该研究灌溉制度下,≥4 g/L咸水灌溉显著增加土壤盐分,破坏土壤团粒结构,应谨慎使用。     

柴达木盆地沙丘移动的空间分异及对形态参数的响应

研究沙丘移动规律与空间分异特征有助于准确了解风沙活动的危害程度,为区域城镇规划和青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设提供参考。该研究基于GoogleEarth软件测量横向沙丘的形态参数与移动速度,分析了移动速度与方向的空间分异特征,以及移动速度对形态参数的响应。结果表明,1)柴达木盆地内沙丘移动速度介于0～23.53 m/a之间,平均4.66 m/a,以中速(1～5 m/a)为主(53.73%),中部移动最快(5.22±4.27 m/a),东南部最慢(3.27±3.08 m/a),移动方向与主风向一致;2)沙丘移动速度与宽度的相关性最好(R~2=0.988),以后的研究中需多关注沙丘宽度这一参数;3)从柴达木盆地整体看,降水量越大、风速越低,沙丘移动越慢;从局部看,植被覆盖度越大,沙丘移动越慢;4)密集的河流可阻挡沙丘移动,保护格尔木市区,但不能消除沙丘移动的威胁。     

Impacts of natural polymer derivative neutral polysaccharide Jag S and cationic hydroxypropyl polysaccharide Jag C162 on rainfall infiltration on an experimental loess hillslope

ABSTRACT

Developing effective measures to improve soil structure and increase soil infiltration in the Loess Plateau located in arid and semiarid areas is important for soil and water conservation. Simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to determine the effects of two new natural polymer derivatives, namely neutral polysaccharide (Jag S) and cationic hydroxypropyl polysaccharide (Jag C162), on rainfall infiltration and their underlying mechanisms. The proportions of different sizes of water-stable soil aggregates were analyzed after spraying four different concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 5 g m^?2) of Jag S and Jag C162 under rainfall intensities of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm min^?1 and a slope gradient of 15°. Treatments with Jag S and Jag C162 significantly improved the rainfall infiltration rates (IRs) compared with the control. Moreover, applying 1 and 3 g m^?2 Jag S effectively increased the IRs by 22.81% and 13.69%, respectively. Treatment with Jag C162 also increased the rainfall IRs by 39.47%, 46.59%, and 46.50%. Furthermore, the content of >0.25 mm water-stable soil aggregates increased from 27.19% to 90.42% before rainfall and from 9% to 50% after rainfall. Compared with Jag C 162, treatment with Jag S was less effective on improving rainfall infiltration and aggregate content. In particularly, application of 5 g m^?2 Jag S improved the soil aggregate content but weakened rainfall infiltration because of the higher viscidity and consistency of the Jag S solution. Overall, spraying appropriate amounts of Jag C162 and Jag S on the loess slope surface can increase the water-stable soil aggregate content, resulting in improved rainfall infiltration and reduced soil erosion. Thus, application of two new natural polymer derivatives is a possible alternative conservation practice in the Loess Plateau.     

风水复合侵蚀下锡林河流域不同管理方式 草地表土粒度特征

结合锡林河流域风水侵蚀情况,对锡林河流域围封天然草地、放牧草地、封育种植草地表层(0~5 cm)土壤粒度特征及其与风蚀、水蚀关系进行研究,结果表明:封育种植草地较放牧和天然草地在降低土壤风蚀和水蚀方面均起到了较明显的作用;锡林河流域草地表层土壤粒度组成以砂粒为主,其所占比例为75%~82%,放牧草地较天然草地及封育种植草地土壤粒度粗化明显,封育种植草地中蒙古冰草+草木樨草地土壤颗粒分选性较差,其余草地土壤颗粒分选性均为中等;研究区内粒径在160μm左右土壤颗粒为易受侵蚀土壤颗粒;研究区土壤粒度组成特征与风蚀、水蚀均有明显相关性,尤其与近地面20 cm风速和径流产流总量联系最为密切。     

基于离散元法的牛肉咀嚼破碎模型构建

为了实现准确、便捷、客观地牛肉嫩度分级检测。该文利用离散单元法构建牛肉块在口腔中咀嚼破碎模型,并进行仿真模拟。研究中选取50头牛的眼肉作为试验样品,30头牛用于构建模型,20头牛用于验证仿真模型的准确性。试验牛样品在75~80℃的恒温水浴中加热至样品内部温度达到70℃时取出,冷却至室温(20℃)。利用质构仪测得牛肉样品的剪切模量、法向刚度等参数,同时测得密度、碰撞恢复系数、摩擦系数等构建离散元模型需要的相关参数。利用测得的参数构建牛肉咀嚼破碎的离散元仿真模型。将咀嚼破碎的牛肉微颗粒作为离散单元模拟仿真中的最小单位,利用Hertz-Mindlin with bonding模型中的颗粒体积力将牛肉块替换为微颗粒黏结的颗粒簇。在咀嚼作用下,当任意2个微颗粒之间的法向应力和切向应力超过最大极限值时,颗粒簇就开始破碎,仿真牛肉的咀嚼破碎过程。研究中利用离散元模拟仿真4个咀嚼周期并记录力和牛肉颗粒的变化。采用感官评定法和剪切力测定分别验证仿真的准确性,准确率都达到90%。研究表明,利用离散元模拟仿真能有效地实现牛肉嫩度等级的预测评定,为牛肉嫩度品质检测提供新方法。     

心土培肥犁改良瘠薄土壤的效果

研究根据心土培肥的改土技术要求研制出心土培肥犁,并分别在瘠薄黑土和碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上开展大面积机械改土试验,明确自主研发的心土培肥犁改土后对土壤理化性质影响及对作物产量的效果,为其广泛应用到低产土壤改良提供机械及技术支持。试验设深松、心土培肥和常规对照耕作,采用大田对比方法。研究结果表明:心土培肥和深松在不同类型土壤上对土壤理、化性质,对作物产量及产量性状影响后效不完全一致;心土培肥降低土壤抗剪强度后效明显,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土10~30 cm土层土壤抗剪强度比对照降低6.65~12.16 k Pa,黑土比对照降低8.20~11.31 k Pa,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土改土后效果明显,黑土改土后效长,心土培肥改土效果优于深松;土壤容质量和硬度趋势同上;心土培肥提高土壤透气系数为2.78~14.28倍,饱和导水率为2.38~11.62倍;深松和心土培肥可提高下层土水分消耗比例,30~60 cm土层耗水量为心土培肥区深松区对照区,心土培肥耗水量比照高10%;心土培肥处理可提高土壤磷含量和供磷强度,20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤供磷强度比对照分别提高4.19~5.17倍和4.96~17倍,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土高于黑土;心土培肥可提高玉米产量,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上心土培肥增产幅度为6.82%~18.01%,黑土增产幅度为6.45%~11.18%,平均增产效果碳酸盐草甸黑钙土薄层黑土,但黑土持续增产效果好。     

增压中冷柴油机EGR系统文丘里管的设计与试验

针对柴油机在低速、大负荷工况下引入EGR（exhaust gas recirculation）气体困难的实际情况,该文采用在中冷器后安装一个文丘里管的方法提高对EGR的引射能力。通过计算初步确定了文丘里管的喉口直径,并设计了3种不同结构尺寸的文丘里管,进行了相关试验。试验结果表明,随着发动机转速的提高,气体流量增加,文丘里管的降压作用增强;EGR阀前与文丘里管喉口的压差随着发动机转速先减小后增加,在1 100到1 600 r/min转速范围内,该压差为负值,不利于引入EGR气体;在2 200 r/min时,随着发动机负荷的增加,EGR阀前压力始终大于文丘里管前压力,即使没有文丘里管,发动机也可以顺利引入EGR,但二者压差随着负荷的增加而减小,导致高负荷时EGR率降低;文丘里管的降压作用随发动机负荷的增加而增加,EGR引射能力随负荷的变化不明显;在试验负荷范围内,文丘里管前后的压力损失始终大于5 kPa;在2 200 r/min时,3种喉口直径的文丘里管的EGR引射能力随着负荷的增加均有增强的趋势,但直径较小的文丘里管EGR阀前与喉口压差较大,容易实现较高的EGR率;但在1 600 r/min时,3种文丘里管的EGR引射能力均随着负荷的增加而减小;当扭矩超过470 N·m时,随着文丘里管喉口直径的增加,EGR阀前与文丘里管喉口压差逐渐降低,引入EGR气体的难度逐渐增加。研究结果可为增压中冷柴油机废气再循环系统文丘里管的设计和应用提供参考。