施用腐殖酸对煤矸石养分释放的影响

煤矸石是一种潜在的资源,在现有技术条件下无法快速处理的大量煤矸石裸露堆放造成占地及生态环境问题,已成为矿区生态环境治理关注的热点。煤矸石山的植被恢复是其原位保存的最有效办法。腐殖酸作为腐殖质的主要组成成分对改善不利的植物生长环境具有积极作用。为探讨腐殖酸对煤矸石养分释放的影响,采用室内培养试验方法,研究了添加不同浓度腐殖酸及不同培养时间下煤矸石的pH、电导率(EC)变化及氮、磷、钾速效养分的释放特征。结果表明:相对于不添加腐殖酸处理(CK),添加腐殖酸的煤矸石pH明显升高,最高达到7.77,而EC急剧下降,平均为126.13μS/cm,比CK的平均EC下降77.81%;添加腐殖酸的煤矸石速效磷和碱解氮均大幅度增加,速效磷含量平均为CK的2.33倍,碱解氮含量最高达到CK的1.94倍;速效钾含量相对于CK也有一定增加;添加的腐殖酸浓度越大,促进煤矸石养分释放效果越好;在培养期间,各项研究指标值总体表现"V"和"N"形,在后期逐渐呈现稳定作用趋势。煤矸石具有一定养分供给潜力,腐殖酸添加到煤矸石中可以提高其植物养分可获得性。     

尕海湿地植被退化过程中土壤轻重组有机碳动态变化特征

以甘肃省甘南尕海湿地内的沼泽化草甸为研究对象,采用野外取样和室内测试相结合的方法,研究植被退化过程中土壤轻重组有机碳含量及动态变化。结果表明:不同植被退化阶段0—20cm土壤轻组有机碳含量差异显著(P0.05),表现为未退化轻度退化重度退化中度退化;20—100cm土壤轻组有机碳受植被影响较小。整个土壤剖面重组有机碳含量表现为中度和重度退化显著高于未退化和轻度退化(P0.05)。土壤轻重组有机碳含量均随土壤剖面下降显著降低(P0.05)。各退化阶段沼泽化草甸土壤轻重组有机碳均呈现出明显的时间变化,在0—20cm土层,未退化阶段轻组有机碳表现为"降—升—降"的变化趋势,即5月最高,7月和9月最低,其他各退化阶段则在6月降低并趋于稳定;20—100cm土层轻组有机碳变化幅度较小。各退化阶段土壤重组有机碳动态变化较为一致,均随时间延长呈线性下降,不同月份之间差异显著(P0.05)。说明植被退化导致轻组有机碳含量下降,重组有机碳增加,而在植被生长过程中主要消耗轻组有机碳,重组有机碳相对稳定。相关分析表明,地下生物量与土壤含水量的变化对土壤轻重组有机碳影响显著。     

陆域自然保护区选址与规划设计研究进展

人口持续增加和人类社会发展对野生动植物及其生境产生了巨大的威胁。科研人员从物种多样性维持机制、致危原因、就地保护和迁地保护等多方面开展了大量探索和研究工作,事实证明建立自然保护区是生物多样性保护最有效的途径之一。文中从自然保护区选址和规划设计2个角度,介绍了生物多样性地理分布格局、岛屿生物地理学和集合种群等相关理论,整理和总结了自然保护区选址和规划设计等方面的研究进展,分析了当前自然保护区选址和规划设计中的前沿和可能存在的问题,并对其未来可能的发展方向进行了探讨,以期为我国自然保护区选址和建设的研究及实践提供参考。     

蚯蚓发酵液对果蔬品质的影响

为探索蚯蚓发酵液对果蔬品质的影响,以番茄、黄瓜、辣椒、枸杞、葡萄、西瓜和甜瓜为材料,设置不施肥（CK1）、单施化肥（CK2）、施用蚯蚓发酵液（T）3种施肥处理,测定了维生素C（V_c）、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、有机酸等果蔬营养品质指标和硝酸盐含量。结果表明：施用蚯蚓发酵液可显著增加7种果蔬的V_c、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量,显著降低有机酸和硝酸盐含量,即蚯蚓发酵液有利于营养品质的形成,并能改善果蔬的适口性。     

化肥减施对小麦-高粱系统土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响

当前我国农户的肥料施用量已远超全球平均水平,所造成的土壤退化问题十分严重,因此控制我国肥料施用量已经迫在眉睫。研究肥料减施对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响,设置农户常规用量（CK）、常规用量的75%（UA_75%）、常规用量的50%（UA_50%）、常规用量的25%（UA_25%）4个处理,通过对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性分析得出：短期化肥减施对机械稳定性团聚体分布几乎无影响,但显著增加了水稳性大团聚体（粒径>0.25mm）的数量。短期化肥减施对机械稳定性团聚体的平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和分形维数（D）均无显著影响。UA_25%和 UA_50%处理增加了水稳性团聚体的MWD和GMD,降低了D值和团聚体破坏率（PAD）,提高了稳定率（WSAR）。肥料减施显著降低了冬小麦产量,而UA_50%和UA_75%处理对夏高粱产量的影响并不明显。综上所述,UA_50%处理能提高小麦-高粱系统的土壤团聚体稳定性、保证夏高粱产量,但肥料减施显著降低了冬小麦产量。     

Identification of Pathogenicity Defective Mutants from a T-DNA Insertion Mutant Library of Verticillium dahliae

[Objective] Our research aimed to identify pathogenicity defective mutants from a T-DNA insertion mutant library of Verticillium dahliae strain Vd991 and to analyze pathogenicity-related genes. [Method] In total, 294 T-DNA insertion mutants of V. dahliae were tested for their virulence using a cotton infection assay. Southern blot assays were performed to identify the T-DNA insertion copy number of each pathogenicity defective mutant. DNA sequences flanking the T-DNA insertional sites of each mutant were analyzed by high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. [Result] Based on the virulence assay, the disease indices of cotton plants inoculated with each mutant decreased very significantly in comparison with the index of those inoculated with Vd991. The Southern blot assay revealed that only one mutant contained two T-DNA insertions, while the remaining eight mutants harbored a single T-DNA insert. An analysis of biological characteristics found that the growth and conidial production of these mutants were impaired by the T-DNA insertions compared with the wild type Vd991. The T-DNAs' insertion position and distribution in each mutant were identified by comparison with genome sequences of strain VdLs.17. Furthermore, the pathogenicity-related genes were cloned from strain Vd991. [Conclusion] The screening and identification of T-DNA insertion mutants is an effective method to identify the pathogenicity-related genes of V. dahliae on a genome-wide scale. This laid a foundation for the further breeding of disease-resistant cotton varieties and will promote the study of the pathogenic molecular mechanisms of V. dahliae.     

Baseline sensitivity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora capsici</Emphasis> to the strobilurin fungicide benzothiostrobin and the efficacy of this fungicide

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) has seriously threatened global banana production. Recently, identification of Foc TR4 in the Caribbean and Mozambique has aroused widespread concern because it may be directly related to food security for millions of people in Africa and Latin America. To identify a resistant or highly resistant germplasm, 129 accessions were evaluated for Foc TR4 resistance in greenhouses and 100 of them were also assessed in the field. In total, 10 accessions were highly resistant (HR) to Foc TR4; these include four from the AA group, two from the BB group, one of the East African highland bananas (EAHBs), two plantains, and one from wild relatives of banana. Of these, Pahang (AA), Calcutta 4 (AA), and Musa itinerans exhibited the highest degree of resistance with an index of disease (ID2) less than 10, and Foc TR4 could not infect any of them in the field. Furthermore, 31 accessions from AA, AB, AAB, AAAB, and ABB groups and wild relatives were identified as a resistant (R) germplasms. All tested EAHBs and plantains exhibited resistance or high resistance to Foc TR4 infection. Our results provide valuable genetic resources for banana breeding and for studying the mechanisms underlying Fusarium wilt resistance. Furthermore, evaluation of EAHBs and plantains provided a rational for local banana producers and researchers to grow EAHBS and plantains.     

Highly specific assays to detect isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum directly from plant material

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is responsible for bacterial canker of kiwifruit. Biovar 3 of Psa (Psa3) has been causing widespread damage to yellow‐ and green‐fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) cultivars in all the major kiwifruit‐producing countries in the world. In some areas, including New Zealand, P. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum (Pfm), another bacterial pathogen of kiwifruit, was initially classified as a low virulence biovar of Psa. Ability to rapidly distinguish between these pathovars is vital to the management of bacterial canker. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) data were used to develop PCR assays to specifically detect Psa3 and Pfm from field‐collected material without the need to culture bacteria. Genomic data from 36 strains of Psa, Pfm or related isolates enabled identification of areas of genomic variation suitable for primer design. The developed assays were tested on 147 non‐target bacterial species including strains likely to be found in kiwifruit orchards. A number of assays did not proceed because although they were able to discriminate between the different Psa biovars and Pfm, they also produced amplicons from other unrelated bacteria. This could have resulted in false positives from environmental samples, and demonstrates the care that is required when applying assays devised for pure cultures to field‐collected samples. The strategy described here for developing assays for distinguishing strains of closely related pathogens could be applied to other diseases with characteristics similar to Psa.