考察欧洲犬业的收获

8月23日至9月12日,笔者随公安部刑事侦察局一行30人赴欧洲五国进行警犬技术应用培训和工作访问。经过21天的考察和学习,对欧洲犬业有了比较全面的了解,受益匪浅,深受启发。下面浅谈几点感想,仅代表个人观点。一、对欧洲犬业的评价(一)历史悠久人类驯养家犬的历史最早可以追溯到     

Novel Alkaloids from Marine Actinobacteria: Discovery and Characterization

The marine environment is an excellent resource for natural products with therapeutic potential. Its microbial inhabitants, often associated with other marine organisms, are specialized in the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites. Similar to their terrestrial counterparts, marine Actinobacteria are a prevalent source of these natural products. Here, we discuss 77 newly discovered alkaloids produced by such marine Actinobacteria between 2017 and mid-2021, as well as the strategies employed in their elucidation. While 12 different classes of alkaloids were unraveled, indoles, diketopiperazines, glutarimides, indolizidines, and pyrroles were most dominant. Discoveries were mainly based on experimental approaches where microbial extracts were analyzed in relation to novel compounds. Although such experimental procedures have proven useful in the past, the methodologies need adaptations to limit the chance of compound rediscovery. On the other hand, genome mining provides a different angle for natural product discovery. While the technology is still relatively young compared to experimental screening, significant improvement has been made in recent years. Together with synthetic biology tools, both genome mining and extract screening provide excellent opportunities for continued drug discovery from marine Actinobacteria.     

设施番茄灰霉病气象指标及其生态防治措施

设施番茄灰霉病是由气象因子影响的一种重危害、高损失的真菌性病害。通过多年的观测调查发现：当连续10日及以上设施内日平均气温≥14.8℃、相对湿度≥90%、出现连阴或者连续多云寡照天气时,番茄就会出现灰霉病。番茄灰霉病不仅会导致番茄果实腐烂落果,造成减产甚至绝产,还会影响番茄品质。结合病虫害防治调查及农业气象试验,提出了选用抗病毒品种、改善设施内气象条件等减少番茄灰霉病发生的生态防控措施。     

新时期农业科研院所学科领域调整和布局的思考——以广东省农业科学院为例

学科建设作为一项综合性、系统性、长期性的基础建设工程,是科研院所的立院之本.文章通过简要分析新时期学科调整的背景和意义,分析了广东省农业科学院在学科建设方面取得的成绩以及存在的不足和短板,在此基础上,提出了加强顶层设计、坚持协同创新、强化条件建设、培育一流学科团队等促进学科建设的对策建议,以期为农业科研院所加强学科建设...     

Survival and serum biochemical responses of spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus during simulated waterless live transportation

Waterless live fish transportation is an alternative and promising transport strategy, which may reduce shipping costs, increase stocking density and improve survival of some species. Spotted sea bass is one of the most economically important marine fish in China. However, waterless transportation has not yet been studied on spotted sea bass. To explore the possibility of waterless transportation of spotted sea bass and its sublethal stress responses, the survival rate and dynamics of blood biochemical parameters were evaluated in the present study by preserving it under no water, less water and water (control) conditions for 9 hr. The serum biochemical parameters including total protein, cortisol, glucose, lactate, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total carbon dioxide (TCO₂), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), ammonia, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malonaldehyde (MDA) were investigated. Results showed that the survival rates of fish in all groups gradually declined with time increasing. At the end of transportation, the survival rates in the control group, less‐water group and no‐water group decreased to 49.11%, 15.60% and 23.96% respectively. Significant changes were observed in several selected serum biochemical parameters, including glucose, lactate, ALT, TCO₂, BUN and ammonia during simulated waterless transportation, which might negatively affect the physiological homeostasis of fish, leading to the high mortality in present study. In general, waterless transportation of spotted sea bass was possible, but it might be rather suitable for short time than long time.     

Fitting growth with the von Bertalanffy growth function: a comparison of three approaches of multivariate analysis of fish growth in aquaculture experiments

Three approaches for multivariate analysis of fish growth in aquaculture experiments with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus niloticus L.) based on the von Bertalanffy growth curve are presented and compared. The approaches are: an extended Gulland‐and‐Holt (GH) plot, a forced extended GH plot and a multilinear regression analysis for the growth parameter K. All three models provide valuable insight into the major environmental factors influencing the daily growth rate and explain 28–46% of the variance of the observed daily growth rate of the used data set. For all three methods, the modelled parameter is significantly related to the net yield of Nile tilapia and can, therefore, be used for the predictive modelling of management scenarios. The extended GH plot loads the influence of environmental parameters upon L_∞, while the forced extended GH plot and Direct fitting of K load the influence on the growth parameter K. The latter is more in the tradition of aquaculture research. But the forced extended GH plot and Direct fitting of K can only be applied if L_∞ of the cultured species is known, as the selected L_∞ influences the variance in the regression variables.     

Pectin purified from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel as a natural hatching agent for fish embryos

Pectin is a biodegradable polysaccharide, and it has been recently applied as a gene delivery, drug delivery, wound healing and tissue engineering agent. In this study, pectin was extracted from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel and characterized. The extraction recovery of pectin form pomelo peel was 14.5%, and it had 72.56% degree of esterification, 1,245.56 equivalent weight, 7.82% methoxyl and 68.27% anhydrouronic acid contents. Use of pomelo pectin as a hatching enhancing agent for fish embryos and its effect on hatching enzyme 1 (ZHE1) was investigated. The pectin‐exposed zebrafish embryos (100 µg/ml) showed significantly (p < .05) higher hatching rate (96.6%) compared with untreated (control) embryos (66.6%) at 60 hpf. The mRNA expression of ZHE1 was also significantly (p < .05) elevated up to 55.6‐fold in pectin‐exposed embryos at 24 hpf. In situ hybridization results revealed remarkably strong expression of ZHE1 in pectin‐exposed embryos compared with the control group. In addition, considerably larger size of the hatching gland was observed in pectin‐exposed larvae than that of the unexposed larvae group. These results clearly indicate that pectin isolated from pomelo peel has an ability to enhance the hatching process of zebrafish embryos via upregulation of ZHE1.     

渤海秋汛对虾数量预报方法的研究

渤海秋汛对虾的数量预报，是我国渔业预报中比较成功的报例之一。本文简述了此项预报工作的发展过程，介绍取得预报指标——相对资源量的原则和方法、加权系数的推算以及对各种回归方程的预报效果的检验结果，提出了针对不同资源水平的预报计算方法。此外，还对有争议的预报中的渔捞努力量因素问题进行了讨论。     

微囊化亚硫酸盐的模拟释放和应

研究了壁材类型和用量及相对湿度对微囊化的食品保鲜剂亚硫酸盐模拟释放的影响,并用Avrami's公式分析了不同相对湿度下的释放特性.结果表明:相对湿度为85%,壁芯比为1.0,壁材为乙基纤维素的微胶囊6d时SO2保留率为16.2%,其他壁材24d时SO2保留率为8.0%～13.8%;壁材用量对释放影响不显著;同种壁材,相对湿度85%时释放速率是相对湿度75%时的1.3倍,是相对湿度43%时的5.5～7.0倍.该保鲜剂用于玫瑰香葡萄保鲜时,与普通片剂及粉剂相比,药害率和腐烂率均降低60%左右,果实中SO2残留量降低了40%～50%.