甘蓝型油菜种质资源农艺性状的鉴定与评价

为了解不同地区种质资源在农艺性状上的遗传多样性,对来自国内318份油菜种质资源品种(系)的9个农艺性状指标进行了鉴定和评价。结果表明:9个农艺性状具有较大的遗传变异潜力,变异系数最大的是有效分枝高度,为0.555296;其次是一次有效分枝数,为0.450183;变异系数最小的是千粒重,为0.157786。在不同省份所提供的种质资源中,各性状平均值差异显著,而且不同省份的品种同一性状的变幅也不同;主花絮有效长度较长和有效角果数较多的品种主要出现在株高为160~179 cm的品种中;探索了初花期与千粒重和单株产量的关系,并评价推荐了部分优良种质资源供育种应用。     

Predator-induced life-history shifts in a freshwater snail

The snail Physella virgata virgata, a widely distributed freshwater pulmonate, was observed to change its life-history characteristics in the presence of the crayfish Orconectes virilis in spring-fed Oklahoma streams. These changes were apparently initiated by a water-borne cue released when crayfish fed on conspecific snails. In the presence of the cue, snails exhibited rapid growth rates and little reproduction until they reached a size of about 10 mm after 8 months. In the absence of the cue, snails typically grew to about 4 mm (3.5 months) and then began reproduction. The chemically inducible shift indicates that the life histories of these snails are phenotypically plastic. By increasing the variance associated with size and age of maturity, prey may increase the likelihood of coexisting with seasonal predators.     

沙地柏人工林和天然林风沙土特性研究

为了深入了解固沙植被恢复对土壤理化性质的影响,以毛乌素沙地东南缘沙地柏人工林和天然林为研究对象,通过收集灌丛下5个土层(0-100 cm)的土壤样品,分析其土壤颗粒组成及8个理化指标,探讨了沙地柏生长对风沙土特性的影响。结果表明:研究区土壤粒度组成以砂粒(体积分数97.09%)为主,其次是粉粒和黏粒,并形成以中砂(50.26%)为主的单峰,土壤弱碱性,其养分含量整体水平低,且具有明显表层聚集现象。土壤养分含量与土壤粒度之间存在良好的相关性,表现为土壤有机质、速效钾和盐分含量与细沙物质(粒径<100μm)含量呈线性正相关,与粗砂物质(100~500μm)呈线性负相关。沙地柏生长对风沙土改良效果呈现出人工林16 a树龄优于7 a树龄,天然林地迎风坡优于背风坡。整体上,造林时间增加土壤颗粒的粗细分配趋于良好态势发展,土壤结构优化,土地荒漠化进程减缓。因此,沙地柏可作为毛乌素沙地生态恢复工程的优良灌木。     

不同啃食强度对沙拐枣影响的初步研究

在飞播区根据牧畜对沙拐枣啃食程度的不同，采用人工模拟放牧方法对牲畜啃食的绿色部分设置了10％、30％、50％、70％、90％、对照6种不同啃食强度处理，以探讨啃食强度对沙拐枣生长的影响。试验结果表明，30％啃食强度的生物量化90％的高121．37％，比对照高34．85％。沙拐枣的啃食强度在30％－50％时生物量最高，完全不利用或过度利用都会影响其正常生长。     

甘蔗黑穗病拮抗细菌的促生长特性及其防治效果研究

【目的】筛选具有拮抗甘蔗黑穗病菌（Sporisorium scitamineum）及促进植物生长特性的细菌，为甘蔗黑穗病的生物防治提供菌株资源和参考依据。【方法】采集出现黑穗病甘蔗株的根际土壤，采用平板对峙培养法分离纯化获得拮抗菌株，通过16S rRNA序列分析明确拮抗菌株的分类地位并分析其促生长特性；采用桶栽试验，研究筛选获得的优良拮抗菌株对甘蔗黑穗病的防治效果。【结果】分离纯化获得68株细菌菌株，其中7株（G1、G10、G12、G14、G20、G21和G23）对甘蔗黑穗病菌具有抑制效果。7株菌株具有产纤维素酶、产几丁质酶、分泌吲哚乙酸（IAA）、产1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶（ACC脱氨酶）、嗜铁能力、溶解有机磷、产蛋白酶及产氢氰酸（HCN）等不同程度的促进植物生长特性，特别是3株伯克霍尔德氏菌属（Burkholderia）菌株G1、G10和G23的综合效果更好。用拮抗能力较强的菌株G1、G10、G12和G23防治甘蔗黑穗病的桶栽试验结果表明，4株拮抗菌株处理均可有效抑制黑穗病的发生，提高甘蔗的出苗率和生物量，其中以菌株G23处理的综合效果最好。【结论】分离获得7株对甘蔗黑穗病菌拮抗效果较好的菌株，均具有不同程度的促进植物生长特性，其中以菌株G23的综合效果最好，具有良好的应用前景。     

Photonic band gap guidance in optical fibers

A fundamentally different type of optical waveguide structure is demonstrated, in which light is confined to the vicinity of a low-index region by a two-dimensional photonic band gap crystal. The waveguide consists of an extra air hole in an otherwise regular honeycomb pattern of holes running down the length of a fine silica glass fiber. Optical fibers based on this waveguide mechanism support guided modes with extraordinary properties.     

寒冷干旱地区日光温室结构的优化设计

应用ANSYS有限元软件对寒冷干旱的呼和浩特地区常用的节能型日光温室结构进行了三维分析,研究了日光温室在作物载荷与雪载,南风载荷和北风载荷三种不利载荷组合情况下的受力,然后对日光温室的前、后屋面角、弦杆弧度和结构杆件的截面尺寸进行了优化设计.优化后的温室结构与优化前相比可节省用钢量约1.43kg/m2;温室的全部结构杆件均采用标准钢材确定,利于采购和日光温室的建造;前、后屋面角经优化后对温室内部采光也较有利.     

碳素纤维在近岸海洋污染物亚硝酸盐、总氨态氮处理中的应用

为探索高效的近岸海水污染处理及生态修复方法,采用硝酸氧化法对黏胶基碳素纤维(Carbon fiber,CF)进行氧化改性,并利用改性后的黏胶基CF处理近岸模拟污染海水,研究了改性CF对海水中亚硝酸盐、总氨态氮等污染物的吸附情况,考察了黏胶基CF氧化改性时间等因素对吸附处理效果的影响,确定了改性黏胶基CF处理近岸污染海水的优化工艺条件。结果表明:黏胶基CF氧化改性时间、CF投加量、亚硝酸盐初始浓度、总氨态氮初始浓度、吸附时间、海况、p H等因素对CF的吸附性能均有不同程度的影响,当反应条件相同时CF的吸附性能较稳定;CF对亚硝酸盐的吸附效果较好,对总氨态氮的吸附效果次之;通过正交试验确定黏胶基CF材料修复模拟近岸海水的优化条件,即在吸附时间为3 h、海况为3级、投加量为0.01 g、亚硝酸盐初始浓度为4 mg/L、总氨态氮初始浓度为60 mg/L、改性时间为1.5 h、p H为8的条件下,CF对亚硝酸盐的去除率为84.56%,对总氨态氮的去除率为45.63%。本研究结果为CF在近岸海洋环境修复中的应用奠定了基础。     

The effect of ivermectin treatment of late pregnant dairy cows in south-west Victoria on subsequent milk production and reproductive performance

SUMMARY A total of 498 dairy cows in 5 predominantly pasture-fed herds were allocated to pairs. One cow in each pair was treated with a single dose of ivermectin during the dry period. Treated and untreated cows were managed as a single group throughout the trial. Most cows calved between 45 and 115 days after treatment. When data from all herds were pooled, treated cows produced an extra 74 L of milk over the first 100 days of the subsequent lactation (95% confidence interval 20 to 128). Means were greater among treated groups relative to untreated groups in all 5 herds. However, when analysed individually, differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in 1 herd only. Over the complete lactation, mean milk volume for treated cows was 86 L greater than for untreated cows (95% confidence interval of difference -57 to 229; P = 0.24). Untreated cows produced 2473 L and 5883 L for the first 100 days of lactation and for the complete lactation, respectively. Milk production responses to treatment did not vary significantly with parity, body condition score, previous production index, calving date category or with plasma pepsinogen concentration or faecal egg count at the time of treatment. Faecal egg counts and plasma pepsinogen concentrations were low at the start of the study. The interval from calving to conception was 4.8 days less in treated cows (95% confidence interval 1.2 to 8.2) relative to untreated cows when data from all 5 herds were pooled. Differences within individual herds were not statistically significant.