Effects of ketamine and magnesium on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in goats

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of ketamine, magnesium sulfate, and their combination on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane (ISO-MAC) in goats. ANIMALS: 8 adult goats. PROCEDURES: Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane delivered via face mask. Goats were intubated and ventilated to maintain normocapnia. After an appropriate equilibration period, baseline MAC (MAC(B)) was determined and the following 4 treatments were administered IV: saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (loading dose [LD], 30 mL/20 min; constant rate infusion [CRI], 60 mL/h), magnesium sulfate (LD, 50 mg/kg; CRI, 10 mg/kg/h), ketamine (LD, 1 mg/kg; CRI, 25 microg/kg/min), and magnesium sulfate (LD, 50 mg/kg; CRI, 10 mg/kg/h) combined with ketamine (LD, 1 mg/kg; CRI, 25 microg/kg/min); then MAC was redetermined. RESULTS: Ketamine significantly decreased ISOMAC by 28.7 +/- 3.7%, and ketamine combined with magnesium sulfate significantly decreased ISOMAC by 21.1 +/- 4.1%. Saline solution or magnesium sulfate alone did not significantly change ISOMAC. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ketamine and ketamine combined with magnesium sulfate, at doses used in the study, decreased the end-tidal isoflurane concentration needed to maintain anesthesia, verifying the clinical impression that ketamine decreases the end-tidal isoflurane concentration needed to maintain surgical anesthesia. Magnesium, at doses used in the study, did not decrease ISOMAC or augment ketamine's effects on ISOMAC.     

喀斯特地区烟田土壤有效态微量元素的空间变异特征——以贵州省毕节地区为例

以典型的喀斯特地区——贵州省毕节地区为研究区域,采用地统计学和地理信息系统(GIS)相结合的方法,对烟田土壤中有效态微量元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、B和Mo含量的空间变异特征进行研究。结果表明,烟田土壤中各微量元素的变异系数在45.75%～82.45%,均属于中等变异。半方差函数分析表明,烟田土壤微量元素中Cu、Zn、Fe的最适模型是线性模型,而Mn、B和Mo的最适模型为指数模型;各微量元素的块基比〔C0/(C0+C)〕均在25%～75%,表现为中等空间相关性,其空间变异受结构性因素(土壤母质、地形地貌、气候)和随机性因素(施肥、耕作措施、工业污染等)的共同影响。烟田土壤微量元素的空间分布表明,除有效铁含量分布呈现连续空间分布特点外,其他几种微量元素的空间分布并未呈现明显的分布规律。     

有机氮部分替代无机氮对香料烟产量、产值及品质的影响

为了提高香料烟的产量、产值和品质,采用田间小区试验研究了有机氮部分替代无机氮(取代比例分别为0、25%、50%)对香料烟产值及品质的影响。结果表明,有机氮取代部分无机氮对烤烟的产量、产值、上等烟比例和化学成分协调程度及矿质营养元素含量有很大的影响。其中,产量、产值和上等烟比例以有机氮取代50%无机氮处理最高,分别达到2 212.00kg/hm2、53 362.00元/hm2和70.22%。有机氮部分取代无机氮对香料烟叶片中化学成分、矿质元素的影响比较复杂,不同部位叶片以及不同化学成分的响应不同,但总体表现为有机氮取代无机氮改善了烤烟化学成分的协调程度,促进了有益矿质元素的积累。总之,对浙江省绍兴香料烟烟区来说,在施氮水平为105kg/hm2情况下,有机氮取代50%的无机氮时香料烟的经济产量、产值和烟叶品质较好。     

青藏高原东北部唐古特铁线莲种子萌发特性的研究

唐古特铁线莲是中国一种珍贵药用植物,青海省是其主要分布区。针对唐古特铁线莲野生资源受到严重破坏的情况,对其人工引种栽培过程中种子发芽率进行了研究,旨在为唐古特铁线莲的栽培和野生资源的保护提供理论依据。研究表明:自然状态下唐古特铁线莲种子萌发率低;经变温、温汤浸种、KNO3和GA3处理后种子发芽率显著提高。     

Short-term increase of body weight triggers immunological variables in dogs

Overweight in dogs is, as in other companion animals, a major risk factor for several metabolic disorders. However, it is not yet known whether immunity is challenged by increased body weight in dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a short-term increase in body weight on immunological variables in adult healthy beagle dogs. Sixteen dogs, divided into a control group (CG) and weight gain group (WGG), were included. During a period of 13 weeks, the CG was fed at maintenance energy requirement (MER), whereas the WGG received a double amount of food. After 13 weeks, blood samples were taken for immunological and biochemical analyses. Weight gain and increased body condition score in the WGG were accompanied by a significant higher leptin concentration. Weight gain increased the number of lymphocytes and immunoglobulins A and M and was responsible for a higher proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Short-term increase of body weight thus seems to trigger immunological variables in dogs.     

Investigation of the Concurrent Emergence of Salmonella enteritidis in Humans and Poultry in British Columbia,Canada, 2008–2010

An increase in the rate of human infections with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) occurred between 2007 and 2010 in British Columbia (BC). During the same time period, an increase in SE from poultry‐sourced isolates and increased clinical severity in poultry were also observed in BC. This article describes a multi‐sectoral collaboration during a 3‐year investigation, and the actions taken by public health and animal health professionals. Human cases were interviewed, clusters were investigated, and a case–control study was conducted. Environmental investigations were conducted in food service establishments (FSE). Suspect foods were tested. Laboratory data from poultry‐sourced isolates were analysed. Five hundred and eighty‐four human cases of SE with the same pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis pattern were identified between May 2008 and August 2010. Seventy‐three percentage of cases reported consumption of eggs. The odds of egg consumption were 2.4 times higher for cases than controls. Implicated FSE were found to use ungraded eggs, which had been distributed illegally. Investigation suggested that there were multiple suppliers of these eggs. Collaboration between public health and animal health professionals led to data sharing, improved understanding of SE, engagement with the poultry industry and public communication. Multi‐disciplinary, multi‐sectoral and multi‐pronged investigations are recommended to identify the likely source of illness in large, protracted foodborne outbreaks caused by commonly consumed foods.     

Smoke Water and Heat Shock Influence Germination of Shortgrass Prairie Species

Smoke or heat from fire can act as a cue that affects seed germination. We examined germination responses of 10 plant species (six forbs, two shrubs, two grasses) native to the southern High Plains in the United States, to smoke, heat, and their interaction in a laboratory experiment. Smoke treatments were applied by soaking seeds in 1∶5, 1∶10, or 1∶100 (v/v) Regen 2000® smoke solution for 20 h. Heat treatments were applied by placing seeds in an oven at 50°C or 80°C for 5 min. Nine species responded to smoke, heat, or both. Results showed that smoke can enhance, inhibit, or not affect seed germination. Germination capacities of Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby and Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. were promoted by 1∶5 and 1∶100 dilutions of smoke water, respectively; Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., G. sarothrae, Salvia reflexa Hornem., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, and Panicum virgatum L. were inhibited by high and/or moderate concentrations of smoke water either in germination percentage or in mean germination time. Germination percentage of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. increased following an 80°C heat treatment. Interaction effects between smoke and heat on germination also were detected. Smoke and heat treatments might be useful as management tools for promoting or suppressing specific target species of shortgrass prairie communities in future habitat management.     

蒙古斑点马黑、白毛色区域皮肤中相关基因的表达研究

本试验以蒙古斑点马为研究对象,分别对蒙古斑点马体躯白色区域和黑色区域皮肤的表型和差异表达基因进行分析并验证,试图解析蒙古斑点马毛色形成的分子机制,为今后保护和开发利用蒙古斑点马奠定基础.选择蒙古斑点马体躯白色和黑色区域皮肤制作组织切片,HE染色后在显微镜下观察其表型差异;对白色和黑色区域皮肤组织进行转录组测序,比较差异...     

娟姗牛与西杂牛杂交后代生长发育观测

[目的]旨在繁育适于牦牛杂交改良的乳肉兼用父本.[方法]在海拔相对较低的半农半牧区,用娟姗牛与西杂牛杂交,观察杂交后代的生长发育和配种情况.[结果]娟姗牛与西杂牛的杂交后代在甘南州高海拔地区具有较好的适应性,表现出明显的杂交优势,能与甘南牦牛自然交配.     

Influence of porcine intestinal pH and gastric digestion on antigenicity of F4 fimbriae for oral immunisation

Newly weaned piglets can be orally immunised against F4+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection with F4 fimbriae. However, to efficiently develop a vaccine against ETEC induced postweaning diarrhoea, knowledge of the stability of the F4 fimbriae to different pH and gastric digestion is needed. The gastrointestinal pH in suckling and recently weaned piglets was measured and the stability of F4 fimbriae to different pH and to pepsin was assessed in vitro. In the stomach the lowest pH was found in the fundus gland region. Gastric pH values below 2.5 were not found in suckling piglets or at the day of weaning, in contrast to piglets 1 and 2 weeks postweaning. Along the first half of the small intestine and in the caecum, a negative correlation was found between pH and age. The F4 fimbriae were stable to pH 1.5 and 2 for 2 h, whereas longer incubation periods resulted in conversion of the multimeric forms into monomers. The F4 fimbriae were partially degraded by incubation for 15-30 min in simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.5 and 2, and completely digested from 3 h onwards. At pH 3, the fimbriae maintained their antigenicity for at least 4h. The results demonstrate that gastric digestion will only have a limited impact on oral immunisation since liquid passes through the stomach relatively quickly (50% within 2 h). However, we previously demonstrated that the transit times are prolonged shortly after weaning. Shortly after weaning it could be necessary to protect the F4 fimbriae against gastric digestion to obtain efficient oral immunisation of the piglets.