Control ability of extrats fromAjuga plants on some pests

Several phytoecdysteroids have been found in the extracts ofA. multiflora andAlinerifolia using HPLC analysis. Those were 20-OH ecdysone, cyasterone. 3-acetate-20-OH ecdysone. 2-acetate-20-OH edysone, ajugalactone. We found out that those phytoecdy steroids could lead the second instar larva ofClostera anastomosis andStilpnotia candida to death. The modified mortality rate was from 44.64% to 96.24%. Those extracts could significantly reduce the amount of nymph produced by the femaleTuberolachnus salignus. The number of the nymph produced after treating with those extracts was only 20% to 70% of that produced by the untreated group. The death rate of the newly produced nymph which treated was among 33.33% to 58.82%. It was much higher than the death rate of the control group (17.57%). This research project was sponsored by the Natural Sciences Fundation of Heilongjiang Province (94003) Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai     

Strong fisheries management and governance positively impact ecosystem status

Fisheries have had major negative impacts on marine ecosystems, and effective fisheries management and governance are needed to achieve sustainable fisheries, biodiversity conservation goals and thus good ecosystem status. To date, the IndiSeas programme (Indicators for the Seas) has focussed on assessing the ecological impacts of fishing at the ecosystem scale using ecological indicators. Here, we explore fisheries ‘Management Effectiveness’ and ‘Governance Quality’ and relate this to ecosystem health and status. We developed a dedicated expert survey, focused at the ecosystem level, with a series of questions addressing aspects of management and governance, from an ecosystem‐based perspective, using objective and evidence‐based criteria. The survey was completed by ecosystem experts (managers and scientists) and results analysed using ranking and multivariate methods. Results were further examined for selected ecosystems, using expert knowledge, to explore the overall findings in greater depth. Higher scores for ‘Management Effectiveness’ and ‘Governance Quality’ were significantly and positively related to ecosystems with better ecological status. Key factors that point to success in delivering fisheries and conservation objectives were as follows: the use of reference points for management, frequent review of stock assessments, whether Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) catches were being accounted for and addressed, and the inclusion of stakeholders. Additionally, we found that the implementation of a long‐term management plan, including economic and social dimensions of fisheries in exploited ecosystems, was a key factor in successful, sustainable fisheries management. Our results support the thesis that good ecosystem‐based management and governance, sustainable fisheries and healthy ecosystems go together.     

无CO_2气流中光下C_3植物叶片长时间CO_2气体交换特性研究

由于无CO_2空气中,光合CO_2固定受阻,光合环中间产物无法正常再生,以往有关无CO_2空气中C_3植物叶片CO_2猝发研究报道都是测定预光合处理的叶片迅速移入无CO_2空气中,断光后瞬间的CO_2猝发,且仅作为光呼吸强度的测定指标。在探讨无CO_2空气中C_3植物叶片光合碳代谢与光抑制相互关系时,作者观察到经光合预处理的小麦、水稻叶片,在无CO_2空气中随光暗交替,CO_2猝发可长时间进行。其强度及持续时间受氧气浓度、光强及光合产物积累量的显著影响,并受到光合能量代谢抑制剂DCMU的显著抑制。暗呼吸抑制剂碘乙酸等无明显影响。饥饿(暗处理)叶片在无CO_2空气中,CO_2猝发活性需经一定时间的光诱导方可表现。诱导过程与气孔导度变化不完全相关。诱导所需时间与光强成反比,与饥饿程度成正比。叶片光合CO_2固定以及高于2％的氧气浓度非诱导过程所必需。上述结果清楚表明:无CO_2空气中,C_3植物叶片CO_2猝发其碳源不仅来源于Calvin循环中活跃的中间产物,而且还可能经某种转化途径来源于贮藏性光合产物。本研究结果不仅揭示了无CO_2空气中C_3植物光合碳代谢的复杂性,其重要意义还在于揭示了在无CO_2空气中,甚至在相当长一段时间内,C_3植物光合碳循环并非停止,而是维持某种特殊运转。其作用可能在于通过重新动员贮藏性光合产物,“回迁”光合碳循环,参与光合机构对光抑制的适应。     

意大利蜂受精卵人工孵化条件的研究

采用人工孵化技术,将2 h内新鲜受精卵分成8组,分别置于6种孵化温度、2种相对湿度下让其发育,研究孵化条件与孵化率、发育历期之间的关系.结果表明①在自然蜂群中孵化率最高(99.26%),平均发育历期最短(69.6 h);在相对湿度为44%和72%条件下不利于受精蜂卵发育.②在人工孵化条件下,受精卵发育早期、后期与成熟期之间存在2个死亡高峰期.③人工孵化温度高低影响受精卵发育历期长短,意大利蜂受精卵人工孵化温度控制在两头高(35～36℃)、中间低(34～35℃);而相对湿度决定孵化率高低,适宜相对湿度为75%～80%.     

EuMIXFOR empirical forest mensuration and ring width data from pure and mixed stands of Scots pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris L.</Emphasis>) and European beech (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus sylvatica L.</Emphasis>) through Europe

Key message

This data set provides unique empirical data from triplets of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) across Europe. Dendrometric variables are provided for 32 triplets, 96 plots, 7555 trees and 4695 core samples. These data contribute to our understanding of mixed stand dynamics. Dataset access at   http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8v04m . Associated metadata available at https://metadata-afs.nancy.inra.fr/geonetwork/apps/georchestra/?uuid=b3e098ca-e681-4910-9099-0e25d3b4cd52&hl=eng .