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41.
Twenty fertilization experiments were set up in 1985 and 1986 in the Vosges mountains, using mostly calcareous or Mg fertilizers,
in order to verify whether fertilization can attenuate defoliation and yellowing recently recorded in Silver fir and Norway
spruce. In the Ardennes, a fertilization experiment set up in Norway spruce stands prior to the appearance of yellowing was
assessed. In these areas, the total acid deposition is about 2 kg eq H+ ha−1 yr−1. Nitrogen deposition is much more important in the Ardennes (52 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in form of wet and dry deposition) than in the Vosges (16 kg N ha−1 yr−1). The results in the eight adult stands showed no uniform reaction to the treatments. Spontaneous improvement, further deterioration
independently of the treatment, as well as a positive reaction to fertilization were observed. Additional N or P fertilization
sometimes had a beneficial effect on Ca or Mg treatments. The selection of the stands with the best response turns out to
be difficult, as the nutrient contents of needles alone seem not to be a satisfactory criterion for selection. Young plantations
reacted positivley to the treatments. Soluble Mg fertilizer leads to an immediate response. Low solubility Ca-Mg fertilizers
(Ca-Mg lime) did not produce reactions until three years after the application. In the Ardennes, in a 40 yr old spruce stand
suffering from severe Mg deficiency, a Ca and Ca-phosphate fertilization applied 5 yr before yellowing appeared had positive
effects on crown density, discoloration and wood production. Conversely, a single N fertilization in this experiment, as well
as in a young plantation in the Vosges, had a marked negative effect on Mg nutrition, even at low levels. 相似文献
42.
Claude A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1938,87(2264):467-468
43.
Michel E Baglin A Auvergne M Catala C Samadi R Baudin F Appourchaux T Barban C Weiss WW Berthomieu G Boumier P Dupret MA Garcia RA Fridlund M Garrido R Goupil MJ Kjeldsen H Lebreton Y Mosser B Grotsch-Noels A Janot-Pacheco E Provost J Roxburgh IW Thoul A Toutain T Tiphène D Turck-Chieze S Vauclair SD Vauclair GP Aerts C Alecian G Ballot J Charpinet S Hubert AM Lignières F Mathias P Monteiro MJ Neiner C Poretti E de Medeiros JR Ribas I Rieutord ML Cortés TR Zwintz K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5901):558-560
Oscillations of the Sun have been used to understand its interior structure. The extension of similar studies to more distant stars has raised many difficulties despite the strong efforts of the international community over the past decades. The CoRoT (Convection Rotation and Planetary Transits) satellite, launched in December 2006, has now measured oscillations and the stellar granulation signature in three main sequence stars that are noticeably hotter than the sun. The oscillation amplitudes are about 1.5 times as large as those in the Sun; the stellar granulation is up to three times as high. The stellar amplitudes are about 25% below the theoretic values, providing a measurement of the nonadiabaticity of the process ruling the oscillations in the outer layers of the stars. 相似文献
44.
Fundamental to living cells is the capacity to differentiate into subtypes with specialized attributes. Understanding the way cells acquire their fates is a major challenge in developmental biology. How cells adopt a particular fate is usually thought of as being deterministic, and in the large majority of cases it is. That is, cells acquire their fate by virtue of their lineage or their proximity to an inductive signal from another cell. In some cases, however, and in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans, cells choose one or another pathway of differentiation stochastically, without apparent regard to environment or history. Stochasticity has important mechanistic requirements. We speculate on why stochasticity is advantageous-and even critical in some circumstances-to the individual, the colony, or the species. 相似文献
45.
Moreau C Bhérer C Vézina H Jomphe M Labuda D Excoffier L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6059):1148-1150
Since their origin, human populations have colonized the whole planet, but the demographic processes governing range expansions are mostly unknown. We analyzed the genealogy of more than one million individuals resulting from a range expansion in Quebec between 1686 and 1960 and reconstructed the spatial dynamics of the expansion. We find that a majority of the present Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean population can be traced back to ancestors having lived directly on or close to the wave front. Ancestors located on the front contributed significantly more to the current gene pool than those from the range core, likely due to a 20% larger effective fertility of women on the wave front. This fitness component is heritable on the wave front and not in the core, implying that this life-history trait evolves during range expansions. 相似文献
46.
47.
The measurement sensitivity of the pointing direction of a laser beam is ultimately limited by the quantum nature of light. To reduce this limit, we have experimentally produced a quantum laser pointer, a beam of light whose direction is measured with a precision greater than that possible for a usual laser beam. The laser pointer is generated by combining three different beams in three orthogonal transverse modes, two of them in a squeezed-vacuum state and one in an intense coherent field. The result provides a demonstration of multichannel spatial squeezing, along with its application to the improvement of beam positioning sensitivity and, more generally, to imaging. 相似文献
48.
Rashid and Boyle (Reports, 19 October 2007, p. 439) analyzed oxygen isotopes in planktonic foraminera from marine sediments and concluded that Heinrich events (massive iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic Ocean) caused upper water masses to deepen. We question the robustness of this interpretation and argue that a strongly stratified mixed layer characterized by dense sea-ice cover and production of oxygen-18-depleted brines likely prevailed during such events. 相似文献
49.
Cosson Richard P. Amiard-Triquet Claude Amiard Jean-Claude 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1991,(1):555-567
Our own results and a literature review led us to reconsider the detoxifying function of MTs in living organisms. Despite the fact that many authors have observed a synthesis or a level increase of MTs as a response to toxic metal uptake, arguments exist which tend us to give to MTs a strict zinc homeostasic function. Many experiments have been conducted using non-natural routes of exposure and/or concentrations far from those observed even in heavily polluted environments. Zinc is the only metal for which a primary induction has been established. Correlations between zinc and MTs levels are frequently observed, specially at the early stages of life. Our knowledge about metallic cluster structure and our experimental results about inter-metallic competition for binding-sites on the apoprotein, support the idea of substitution processes instead of de novo synthesis in most cases of contamination, leading frequently to acclimation. 相似文献
50.