菊花白锈病抗性标准及人工离体接种鉴定方法的优化

[目的]探讨在可控条件下接种和鉴定菊花白锈病的有效方法。[方法]笔者将目测观察与显微镜检方法相结合,制定了菊花白锈病6级抗性鉴定标准,并优化了人工离体接种方法。[结果]结果表明,培养瓶内茎段扦插法、培养皿内平铺叶片法均可用于菊花白锈病的离体鉴定;培养瓶内茎段扦插法优于培养皿内平铺叶片法,是最佳的人工离体接种鉴定方法。[结论]本研究为安全有效地进行菊花白锈病的相关研究提供科学方法,以便最大程度地控制该病的进一步发生和流行。     

茶多酚对大菱鲆生长、抗氧化能力及脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响

为了研究饲料中添加茶多酚对大菱鲆生长、抗氧化能力及脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响,以初始体质量为(13.51+0.31) g的大菱鲆幼鱼为实验对象,设计4组添加不同梯度茶多酚(0%、0.01%、0.02%和0.05%,干重添加量分别为0、100、200和500 mg/kg)的等氮等脂实验饲料,进行为期70 d的摄食生长实验。结果显示:①与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.01%～0.02%茶多酚显著提高了大菱鲆幼鱼增重率(WGR);饲料效率(FE)随饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高而升高,但各组间差异不显著;随饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高,大菱鲆肝体比(HSI)呈降低趋势,且显著低于对照组;②鱼体组成分析表明,投喂添加茶多酚饲料组大菱鲆鱼体和肝脏粗脂肪含量呈下降趋势,且在茶多酚添加水平为0.02%～0.05%时达到最低值,显著低于对照组;③与对照组相比,投喂添加茶多酚饲料组大菱鲆血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著升高,且各添加组间差异不显著;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随茶多酚的添加水平升高呈先升高后降低趋势,且在添加水平为0.02%时显著高于对照组;血清丙二醛(MDA)含量随茶多酚添加水平升高而降低,且在添加水平为0.02%～0.05%时显著低于对照组;④大菱鲆肝脏固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP-1)表达量随着饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高而降低,且在添加水平为0.02%～0.05%时达到最低值,显著低于对照组;脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)表达量随茶多酚添加水平的升高呈先降低后升高趋势,且在添加水平为0.02%时显著低于对照组;过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)表达量变化趋势与FAS相反,且在添加水平为0.02%时达到最高值。肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶1(CPT1)表达量随饲料中茶多酚添加水平升高而升高,显著高于对照组,且各添加组间差异不显著。研究表明,高脂饲料中添加茶多酚能促进大菱鲆生长、降低肝脏脂肪过度沉积并提高血清抗氧化能力,高脂饲料中添加0.02%茶多酚是大菱鲆幼鱼生长的最适添加量。     

Effects of antimicrobial peptides on growth,morphology of foregut villi and related genes mRNA expression in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of different levels (0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) of antimicrobial peptides on growth, protease activity of foregut, the morphology of foregut villi and related genes mRNA expression level in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The results showed that the feed of antimicrobial peptides promote common carp growth, and the optimal dosage of antimicrobial peptides is 200–333 mg/kg in the common carp feed. The protease activity of 200 and 400 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control and other groups (p < 0.05). The foregut villus height with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). The crypt depth of 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly lower than control group (p < 0.05). The ratio of villus height and crypt depth of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). The ratio with 600 mg/kg group was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). The IGF‐I gene expression level of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control group and 600 mg/kg group (p < 0.05). The IL‐1β gene expression level of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). These results indicated up‐regulation of growth and immune related genes in antimicrobial peptides fed common carp. Correlation analysis showed that IGF‐I mRNA and IL‐1β mRNA were positively correlated with SGR. IL‐1β mRNA and FCR were significantly negative correlated. It indicated that growth and immune gene common regulated the growth of the carp under antimicrobial peptides intervention. In conclusion, antimicrobial peptides can improve growth and related genes mRNA expression in the common carp. Further studies using molecular biological technique or immunologic methods are required to conclude that antimicrobial peptides are beneficial in common carp.     

长江天鹅洲故道银鮈年龄、生长和死亡率的研究

根据2011年3月至2012年1月在长江天鹅洲故道采集的银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)样本873尾,用鳞片为年龄鉴定和生长退算材料,研究银鮈的年龄、生长特性及死亡率.结果表明,雌雄群体均由1～6龄组成,雌鱼87.35％为1～3龄,雄鱼87.01％为1～3龄.雌雄鱼体长(L)和体重(W)关系表现为异速生长,雌鱼w=0.009L3.2285,雄鱼w=0.009L3.2254.以退算体长拟合von Bertalanffy方程,得到生长参数为:雌鱼L∞=17.1797cm,k=0.1820,t0=-1.2673和雄鱼L∞=11.5069cm,k=0.4074,to=-0.5764.雌雄鱼的自然死亡率分别为M=0.6048/a和M=1.1459/a,远高于一般鱼群自然死亡率(M=0.2～0.3/a);开发率分别为E=0.5711和E =0.4183.长江天鹅洲故道银鮈雌鱼处于过度开发的状态,应加强管理.     

Assessment of plastic ingestion by pole-caught pelagic predatory fish from O'ahu,Hawai'i

1. Although the frequency of occurrence of plastic ingestion in the large-sized dolphinfish and tunas taken by the Hawai'i longline fishery is very low (frequency of occurrence < 5% of sampled individuals), the ingestion of plastic in smaller-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line gear by commercial and recreational fishers has not been investigated.
2. This study examined ingestion of >0.25 mm marine plastic debris (MPD) by four predatory fish species caught by commercial fishers around the Main Hawaiian Islands, and documented ingestion in three species: 85.7% of albacore tuna (n = 7), 40.0% of skipjack tuna (n = 10) and 12.5% of dolphinfish (n = 8).
3. Yellowfin tuna (n = 10) did not contain any MPD, probably owing to the high proportion of empty stomachs (60%).
4. For skipjack tuna, the frequency of occurrence of MPD ingestion was significantly higher for the smaller-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line (40%), compared with the larger-sized specimens caught with longlines (0%).
5. For dolphinfish, the frequency of occurrence of MPD ingestion was similar for the similar-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line and with longlines.
6. The ingested MPD items were micro–meso plastics, between 1 and 25 mm. While most ingested items were fragments, albacore also ingested line and skipjack also ingested sheets.
7. The predatory fishes ingested light MPD items that float in sea water, but there were species-specific differences in their polymer composition: albacore contained more polypropylene and polyethylene, and skipjack contained more elastomers, characterized by a high percentage of ester plasticizers.
8. Altogether, these results suggest that albacore and skipjack tunas ingest plastic of different types and polymers. Yet more research is needed to understand how differences in vertical distribution, foraging ecology and diet influence the MPD sampled by these predatory fish species.

     

文蛤金属硫蛋白基因的克隆与分析

金属硫蛋白是一种普遍存在于生物体内的低分子量、半胱氨酸含量丰富、易于被外界刺激诱导的金属结合蛋白。采用表达序列标签（EST）法,首次获得了文蛤金属硫蛋白（Mm—MT）的全长eDNA序列,序列全长657bp,开放阅读框长度为231bp,可以编码76个氨基酸。编码的氨基酸中半胱氨酸含量丰富,达27．6％,含有软体动物等无脊椎动物金属硫蛋白的特征序列。序列特征分析表明,该序列具备金属硫蛋白的典型特征,是金属硫蛋白家族成员。     

黄河下游地区土地利用和生态系统服务价值的时空演变

基于黄河下游地区1990-2015年土地利用分类数据,运用土地利用变化动态度、土地利用转移矩阵,探究不同土地利用类型的变化程度及转移情况,运用当量因子法、热点分析、重心模型、地理探测器探究黄河下游地区县域尺度生态系统服务价值的时空演变及其空间分异。结果表明：1）耕地、草地、未利用地面积逐渐减少,建设用地面积增加,耕地是建设用地面积增加的主要贡献者,建设用地扩张存在侵占耕地的现象。2）从时间尺度看,地区生态系统服务价值逐年减少;从空间尺度看,县域尺度的高值区逐渐减少,低值区逐渐增加;从地均生态系统服务价值的变化率来看,大部分县区的地均生态系统服务价值呈现持续降低趋势。3）地均生态系统服务价值的高值区与低值区空间集聚程度明显,但有逐渐弱化的趋势;生态系统服务价值的重心始终分布在山东省郓城县,重心迁移与两地区之间生态系统服务价值变化差值有关。4）黄河下游地区县域尺度地均生态系统服务价值空间分异受自然因素和社会经济因素共同作用的影响,是不同驱动因子共同作用的结果,其中人为综合影响指数对区域生态系统服务空间分异的影响最大。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽养殖土壤环境承载力及污染风险研究

[目的]测算和评价鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽养殖过程中的土壤环境承载力及其污染风险,为合理规划鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽养殖空间布局、实现可持续养殖提供参考。[方法]利用2000—2012年鄱阳湖生态经济区24个县(市)的统计数据进行土壤环境承载力及畜禽污染物排放量的测算和评估。[结果]2000—2012年鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽粪便耕地负荷警报值在0.7左右,总氮耕地负载警报值为0.5~0.6,总磷耕地负载警报值超过了1,畜禽养殖对环境造成了污染威胁。畜禽养殖污染风险较高的地区为高安市、东乡县、余江县、德安县以及南昌县。[结论]污染风险较高的地区应强制实行畜禽养殖总量控制和污染物消减措施,而湖口县、都昌县和彭泽县畜禽污染风险较低,可以适当扩大养殖规模。     

河套地区盐碱土复合调理剂配方筛选研究

以内蒙古河套灌区典型的盐碱土为研究对象,采用烟气脱硫石膏、腐殖酸、保水剂材料研发的复合调理剂对根区盐碱土进行综合改良,通过室内盆栽试验,分析不同配比烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂对土壤pH值、碱化度、全盐、盐基离子含量、养分水平、含水量、硬度及向日葵出苗率的影响。结果表明:(1)不同比例施用烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂后土壤pH值均显著降低,降低幅度0.45～0.79个单位,土壤中Na~+和CO_3~(2-)+HCO_3~-含量分别降低了9.7%～20.1%和14.3%～30.4%;(2)不同比例施用烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂后土壤有机质、碱解氮和含水量分别增加了13.9%～119.3%、9.1%～159.2%和4.4%～20.2%,土壤硬度降低了13.4%～56.7%;(3)不同比例施用烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂后,向日葵出苗率从6.7%增加到了20.0%～66.7%;通过对盐碱土综合改良效果及向日葵出苗率进行分析,烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂的最优配方为烟气脱硫石膏2 580 kg·hm~(-2)、腐殖酸774 kg·hm~(-2)、保水剂516 kg·hm~(-2)。