红麻综合利用研究进展与产业化前景

红麻是重要的韧皮纤维作物,世界各国在红麻多用途开发利用上进行了大量研究。本文综述了红麻在造纸、纺织、建筑材料、麻塑复合材料、水土保持、吸附剂、饲料、食用油、栽培基质等多个领域的综合利用现状,并对产业化前景进行了展望,以期为促进我国红麻的生产发展和提升综合开发附加值提供科学依据。     

弱光胁迫对不同耐密型玉米茎秆抗倒伏能力及产量的影响

在大田条件下,研究耐密型玉米品种中单909和非耐密型玉米品种丹玉405穗期不同遮荫条件下(S0,自然光照;S1,遮荫44%;S2,遮荫66%)玉米茎秆抗倒伏能力与产量的关系。结果表明,穗期遮荫后,两种类型玉米品种株高和穗位高升高;茎基部茎节单位长度、干重、穿刺强度、压碎强度、折断力度、产量和穗粒数均随遮荫程度的增加而减小,且非耐密型玉米品种下降幅度大于耐密型玉米品种。随弱光胁迫程度的增加,非耐密型玉米品种倒伏率明显高于耐密型玉米品种,非耐密型玉米品种较耐密型玉米品种对弱光反应敏感,千粒重和结实率下降是导致非耐密型玉米品种产量大幅降低的重要原因。     

海南省芒果畸形病的发现与鉴定

从海南省东方市、三亚市采集芒果畸形病组织,运用柯赫氏法则证实分离物为该病的致病菌。采用Fusarium mangiferae的特异性鉴别引物1-3F/R和AF1对致病菌进行PCR鉴别,结合形态特征将其鉴定为F. mangiferae,这是芒果畸形病在海南省的首次报道。     

人工老化玉米种子活力指标、生理指标与基因组DNA甲基化变异的研究

以玉米单交种郑单958和先玉335为试验材料,采用老化箱加速种子老化。随着种子老化时间的延长,郑单958和先玉335种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数逐渐降低,老化至8 d,种子活力指标降至极低的水平。过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活力逐渐降低,电导率、丙二醛含量逐渐升高。MSAP分子标记扩增出2 750条有效峰值,随老化时间的延长,郑单958的CG甲基化水平呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,先玉335的CG甲基化水平逐渐升高。基因组DNA的CHG与CHG+CG甲基化水平变化不规律,郑单958基因组DNA的CHG和CG+CHG甲基化均高于对照,先玉335基因组DNA的CHG甲基化均低于对照。郑单958和先玉335的DNA发生甲基化模式变异,郑单958 DNA的CG去甲基化模式变异高于超甲基化,先玉335DNA的CG去甲基化模式变异低于超甲基化。相关性分析表明,种子的活力指标、生理指标与基因组DNA的CG甲基化相关系数较高。     

农用柴油—二甲醚发动机喷雾、燃烧与排放性能数值研究

为研究二甲醚作为替代燃料的可行性,本文利用CFD软件对农用柴油机和二甲醚发动机在标定点的缸内燃料喷射雾化、燃烧过程与NOx排放进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明,计算所得的缸内平均压力和放热率曲线与试验值吻合良好.研究发现,柴油的喷雾贯穿距接近于二甲醚的2倍,而二甲醚的喷雾蒸发延迟角比柴油约小2°CA,且二甲醚的蒸发持续期比柴油约短10°CA.同时还发现,与柴油相比,二甲醚燃烧温度分布较均匀,且最高温度比柴油要低,决定了二甲醚发动机燃烧产生的NOx排放比柴油机降低了50%.     

芒果畸形病菌室内单剂及复配剂增效配比的筛选

通过菌落生长速率法对我国芒果新病害——芒果畸形病病菌层出镰刀菌(Fusarium proliferatum)进行室内药剂筛选,以期为该病害的大田防治提供参考。结果表明:从9种单剂EC50和斜率综合来看,咪鲜胺锰盐(EC50为0.075μg/mL、斜率0.85)和多菌灵(EC50为0.3μg/mL、斜率3.69),应用潜力最大,其次是戊唑醇、丙环唑、氟硅唑、多.福.溴菌腈和甲基硫菌灵。29个复配组合中仅有3个配比组合表现出增效作用,其中丙环唑与多.福.溴菌腈以2∶3配比时增效最明显;其次是咪鲜胺锰盐与多.福.溴菌腈、多.福.溴菌腈与甲基硫菌灵分别以1∶4和2∶3的配比也表现出一定的增效作用。其余组合则表现相加或拮抗作用。     

风荷载作用下三种乔木对边坡变形和稳定的影响

植被对边坡稳定影响机制是全世界性的课题,研究多集中于根系固土能力和边坡稳定性增益方面,针对植被边坡土体变形和稳定性对风荷载作用的响应机制并不清晰。为探讨风荷载作用下土体应力发展和稳定性影响规律,该研究基于前期调查选取缙云山3种典型乔木（杉木、润楠、大头茶）,采用Geo-studio建立边坡数值模型,分析了各坡体模型在不同风速下的应力、位移和边坡稳定系数。结果表明：1）风荷载作用下,在根土盘位置出现了应力集中现象,迎风侧根土盘上部和下部表现为压力和张力,背风侧则相反;随风速和坡度增大,整体转动趋势加剧,总位移中坡位>上坡位>下坡位。2）当坡度较小时,边坡稳定系数随风速增大先轻微增大后迅速降低,坡度较大时,稳定系数随风速变化单调递减。45°陡坡在最大风速（30 m/s）下,大头茶、润楠和杉木的安全系数较无风时分别降低3.6%、27%、11.8%,大头茶边坡在风荷载下平均应力和总位移最小,稳定性受风荷载影响最小。3）林冠宽度、根盘直径对边坡稳定性影响的极差随风速增大而放大,冠高和根盘深度的极差变化不大,林冠宽度和根土盘直径参数为主要影响稳定性的主要因子。类似大头茶具有较大根土盘直径的树种护坡作用受风荷载影响较小,而类似润楠和杉木具有较大树冠高度,较小根土盘直径和较大根系深度的植边坡在风荷载作用下应力集中现象和位移增大趋势明显,风力对稳定性不利,不建议作为多风区域高边坡防护树种。研究结果有助于理解和认识风荷载下土体应力传递机制和对边坡稳定的影响,为多风区域植被边坡防护提供依据。     

基于阵列芯片现场高灵敏同步快速检测粮油中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留混合污染

The quality and safety of agricultural products is the technique focus of the strategy of rural vitaliza⁃tion. Carbamate pesticide residues are seriously threatening the safety of agricultural product and human life and health. Nowadays, the common detection methods are instrument-based for carbamate pesticide residue, which dis⁃ satisfy the request of an on-site rapid, sensitive and simultaneous detection for multiple carbamate pesticide resi⁃ dues. Based on the home-made monoclonal antibodies against carbofuran and carbaryl respectivity, a microarray for rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple carbamate pesticide residues was developed within 30 min. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection（LODs）were found to be 0.11 and 0.09 ng/g, while the linear ranges were 0.33-3000 and 0.18-1500 ng/g for carbofuran and carbaryl respectively. By using spiked peanut samples, it recorded recoveries of 88.4%-98.3%, 90.1%-118.8% for carbofuran and carbaryl respectively. The RSD of intraarray were found at 9.0%, 3.5%, while the RSD of inter-array were recorded at 12.3%, 16.3% respectively. The de⁃ tection results of the microarray were highly consistent with that of HPLC-MS/MS. This proposed microarray provid⁃ ed an on-site high-sensitivity, simultaneous and rapid detection of carbofuran and carbaryl, and could be widely used in the fields of agricultural product quality safety, food safety and environmental monitoring.     

Genetic Analysis and Mapping of TWH Gene in Rice Twisted Hull Mutant

A mutant with twisted hulls was found in a breeding population of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The mutant shows less grain weight and inferior grain quality in addition to twisted hulls. Genetic analysis indicated that the phenotype of mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene (temporarily designated as TWH). To map the TWH gene, an F2 population was generated by crossing the twh mutant to R725, an indica rice variety with normal hulls. For bulked segregant analysis, the bulk of mutant plants was prepared by mixing equal amount of plant tissue from 10 twisted-hull plants and the bulk of normal plants was obtained by pooling equal amount tissue of 10 normal-hull plants. Two hundred and seven pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers, which are distributed on 12 rice chromosomes, were used for polymorphism analysis of the parents and the two bulks. The TWH locus was initially mapped close to the SSR marker RM526 on chromosome 2. Therefore, further mapping was performed using 50 pairs of SSR primers around the marker RM526. The TWH was delimited between the SSR markers RM14128 and RM208 on the long arm of chromosome 2 at the genetic distances of 1.4 cM and 2.7 cM, respectively. These results provide the foundation for further fine mapping, cloning and functional analysis of the TWH gene.