高产水稻土结构特性的初步研究

随着稻、麦的持续高产,高产稳产水稻土的土壤条件日益受到重视,不少单位进行了专门研究(上海市农业科学院土肥植保研究所土壤组,1975;广东省农业科学院土肥所土壤组,1976;中国科学院南京土壤研究所苏南调查组,1977).但研究的内容多偏重于土壤的农业化学性状或土壤形态的描述,而较少进行土壤结构性的研究.     

脂肪组织RNA提取的三种方法比较与改进

脂肪组织单位体积细胞数少,且单位细胞富含脂类RNA含量相对较少（Mersmann,2002）,这增加了从脂肪组织提取RNA的难度.本研究以脂肪组织为材料,比较了几种商品化的总RNA提取试剂盒,优化和改进某些提取步骤,从而得到了符合实验要求的总RNA.     

糠醛渣生态肥对风沙土理化性质和茄子效益的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了糠醛渣生态肥对河西内陆灌区风沙土改土培肥效应和茄子效益的影响。结果表明:糠醛渣生态肥原料间的效应是:茄子专用肥糠醛渣5406生物菌肥,糠醛渣生态肥配方比例为:5406生物菌肥0.0103:茄子专用肥0.1291:糠醛渣0.8606。施用糠醛渣生态肥与传统化肥比较,风沙土体积质量、pH、EC和可溶性盐分别降低了13.85%、1.07%、6.22%和6.92%;Hg、Cd、Cr和Pb离子分别降低了21.21%、40.00%、18.70%和21.94%;总孔隙度、团聚体和饱和持水量分别增加了13.35%、16.98%和13.35%;CEC、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效锌和有效钼分别增加了19.20%、25.93%、0.29%、1.89%、0.17%、2.08%和8.33%;真菌、细菌和放线菌分别增加了59.00%、41.94%和24.32%;蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶分别增加了57.51%、5.88%和10.35%;茄子单果重、单株果重、产量和施肥利润分别增加了5.27%、5.35%、3.01%和0.51×104元/hm~2。糠醛渣生态肥施用量与风沙土总孔隙度、团聚体、饱和持水量、有机质、速效养分和茄子产量呈显著的正相关关系;与体积质量、pH呈显著的负相关关系;糠醛渣生态肥施用量与茄子产量间的线性回归方程为y=51.2300+1.5151x–0.0408x2,经济效益最佳施用量为17.40 t/hm~2,茄子理论产量为65.24 t/hm~2。在风沙土上施用糠醛渣生态肥,有效的改善了土壤理化性质和生物学性质,提高了土壤有机质和番茄产量。     

休闲农业-旅游新看点

从休闲农业产生的背景、内涵、条件和运营方式等方面分析了休闲农业发展的重要性和必然性,并介绍了休闲农业发展的前景。     

黑垆土有机碳在团聚体中的分配及其保护机制

以黄土高原广泛分布的黑垆土为研究对象,研究了6个粒级团聚体中总有机碳(TOC)、稳定性有机碳(St OC)、矿物保护态有机碳(MOC)、化学稳定性有机碳(ROC)和游离氧化铁(Fed)、无定形氧化铁(Feo)、络合态氧化铁(Fep)以及黏土矿物含量的特征,重点分析了有机碳在各粒级团聚体中的分配及其与黏土矿物和各种形态氧化铁之间的相关性,及探讨了有机碳的保护机制。结果表明:黑垆土中约80%的土壤有机碳赋存于0.5~0.25、0.25~0.05和0.05 mm的3个粒级团聚体中;黑垆土中的有机碳以St OC为主,其含量随着团聚体粒级的减小而增加。在0.5~0.25和0.25~0.05 mm团聚体中,TOC含量与Fed含量呈正相关关系,相关性系数(r)均为0.72(P0.05);在0.25~0.05 mm粒级团聚体中,ROC含量与Fed含量呈正相关关系(r=0.68,P0.05),而St OC和MOC含量与伊利石含量具有正相关关系r分别为0.71(P0.05)和0.68(P0.05)。黑垆土中对有机碳起保护作用的主要是Fed和伊利石,但二者对有机碳的保护机制可能有所不同:Fed与有机碳络合形成化学稳定性有机碳,而伊利石主要通过吸附作用实现对有机碳的保护。     

基于水温对肉牛生长性能影响的冬季恒温饮水系统优选

为缓解西北地区拴系肉牛在冬季产生的冷应激,提高肉牛生长性能,研究根据连通器原理设计恒温饮水系统,为牛只提供温水。试验选取西门塔尔牛作为试验牛,对饮水器内水温、肉牛的饮水行为、生理以及日增质量进行测定。试验结果表明:恒温饮水系统能为处理组牛只提供17.69℃的温水,处理组牛的日增质量为1.53 kg/(d·头),较对照组提高0.36 kg/(d·头),差异极显著(P0.01)。在处理组中,牛只饮用16~18℃的温水表现出更多的饮水次数和更好的增重效果(日增质量达到(1.69±0.44)kg/(d·头))。饮水后牛只瘤胃处体表温度处理组比对照组高3.29℃,差异极显著(P0.01)。结果表明,在拴系肉牛舍中采用这种恒温饮水系统能够有效改善肉牛因冬季饮用冷水造成的冷应激,并能显著提高肉牛生长性能,具有技术和经济可行性。     

双行手扶式大蒜联合收获机设计和试验（英文稿）

为解决大蒜机械化收获时损伤率与损失率较高的问题，结合大蒜物理特性和种植模式，该研究设计了一种双行手扶式大蒜联合收获机，主要由挖掘装置，矫正装置，夹持装置，切割装置，收集装置等组成，可一次完成大蒜的挖掘，姿态矫正，夹持输送，茎根切割，低损收集等作业工序。为提高大蒜收获作业质量，采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验方法，以前进速度、挖掘深度、链条距离为试验因素，以损伤率和损失率为评价指标，进行参数优化试验。建立各影响因素与指标之间的回归数学模型，分析各因素对响应值的交互影响，获得最优参数组合为：前进速度0.51 m/s、挖掘深度97.2 mm、链条距离7.6 mm，对应的损伤率、损失率分别为0.65%、1.28%，对优化结果进行验证试验，试验结果表明在最优参数组合下，损伤率为0.63%、损失率为1.25%，各评价指标与预测值均很接近。研究结果可为大蒜联合收获机进一步完善结构设计和工作参数优化提供参考。     

Allelopathy variation in dryland winter wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) accessions grown on the Loess Plateau of China for about fifty years

In this study, we investigated the genetic variation of allelopathic potential, its grey correlation with important agronomic characters, and rank analysis on allelopathic stability of fifteen wheat accessions commonly grown in arid regions of the Loess Plateau in China. The genetic variation of allelopathic property in dryland winter wheat showed significant differences between accessions. Allelopathic effects exhibited high heritability (55–95%) throughout the life cycle of wheat. Heritability was highest in the tillering stage and weakest in the seed filling stage. Allelopathic potential varied and was discontinuous throughout the wheat life cycle. Grey correlation analysis indicated a close relationship between allelopathic potential dependant on growth phase and agronomic characters. Allelopathic expression during some growth periods induced a partial correlation effect on some important agronomic characters that affected wheat yield. Allelopathic heritability and its degree of influence on yield were more evident in the vegetative growth stage compared to the reproductive stage. A multiple linear regression was built between allelopathic potential during different growth periods and agronomic characters pursued in wheat breeding. Allelopathic potential had a linear effect on production traits cultivated in wheat breeding. When allelopathic intensity varied from 0 to 1 in the reproductive stage, plant height ranged from 44 to 108 cm, spike length from 6.4 to 9.2 cm, number of spikelets with seeds from 13.4 to 21.0, mean seed number per spike from 41.5 to 50.3 and thousand seed weight from 36.2 to 38.3 g. Based on rank analysis, we concluded that there was a synergistic relationship between allelopathic potential in wheat and genetic, chemical and ecological factors. Triticum aestivum L. ‘No 6 Lankao’ and T. aestivum L. ‘No 22 Xiaoyan’ were identified as stable and relatively strong allelopathic accessions, whereas T. aestivum L. ‘Lankao 95–25’ was a stable but relatively weak allelopathic cultivar. Other varieties showed unstable allelopathic potential.     

Antioxidant properties of crocin from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and study of the reactions of crocin with linoleic acid and crocin with oxygen

Crocin-a water soluble carotenoid-is found in the fruits of gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) and in the stigmas of saffron (Crocus sativus Linne). For crocin purification, gardenia fruits are extracted with 50% acetone, followed by ether washing, ion exchange, and separation by preparative HPLC. Purified crocin with purity of >99.6% has an antioxidative activity at concentrations up to 40 ppm. At 20 ppm the antioxidative activity of crocin is comparable to that of BHA. The antioxidant property of crocin as evaluated by the thiocyanate method was better than with the thiobarbituric acid method. The adduct between the linoleic acid radical and crocin was detected by LC-MS. When crocin reacted with oxygen in the presence of FeSO(4), intermediates such as monohydroperoxides and dihydroperoxides of crocin were formed and detected by LC-MS.     

A mycorrhizal pathogen (Glomus macrocarpum Tul. & Tul.) of tobacco: effects of long- and short-term cropping on the mycorrhizal fungal community and stunt disease

A crop rotation experiment was conducted on two adjacent tracts of land differing in long-term croppin history (30 year in tall fescue pasture or 3 year in sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (SSGH).. Short-term crops were 2 years in tobacco or low-endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams) tall fescue. Tobacco was grown on all plots in Year 3, and data relating mycorrhizal stunt disease of tobacco and populations of the stunt pathogen, Glomus macrocarpum Tul. & Tul., and of other members of the mycorrhizal fungal community, were taken. Disease incidence was highest with SSGH-tobacco and lowest with fescue-fescue, the other two combinations being intermediate. Mycorrhizal colonization was related to disease occurence. At the beginning of the season, populations of G. macrocarpum were equally high in land with a long-term history of SSGH, regardless of its short-term history; but at the end of the season, populations of G. macrocarpum among the four treatments were proportional to the incidence of disease. Populations of four mycorrhizal fungal species which were high in land with a short-term history of fescue were depressed by production of tobacco. Monocropping of tobacco appeared to narrow the diversity of the mycorrhizal fungal community and increased the proportion which is pathogenic, the overall result being lower productivity of soil for tobacco. Crop rotation of tobacco with fescue decreased the proportion of the mycorrhizal fungal community which is pathogenic and maintained productivity of soil for tobacco.