Accounting for geographic heterogeneity of multifunctional rice policy in Taiwan

Through empirical simulations of the Taiwanese rice market, we estimate the effects of agricultural policies designed to ensure optimal levels of two multifunctional outputs, groundwater recharge, and methane emissions. Optimal policy instruments differ by region to reflect land quality and the conditions of the aquifers in major rice production regions. The effects on rice production, resource allocation, and returns to farm assets differ as well.

Isoflavone levels in five soybean (Glycine max) genotypes are altered by phytochrome-mediated light treatments

The objective of the present study was to determine whether concentrations of different isoflavones (puerarin, genistein, genistin, daidzein, and daidzin) in shoots and roots of five selected soybean genotypes would respond the same or differently to red (650 nm peak transmittance) and far-red (750 nm peak transmittance) light treatments given under controlled environments. Levels of isoflavones (mg g(-1) dry weight biomass) present in seeds, control roots, and shoots and 10 day light-treated seedlings (light, dark, red, and far-red wavelengths) of soybean (Glycine max) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis in comparison with known isoflavone standards. Seeds of the five soybean genotypes studied consistently stored most of their isoflavones as glucosyl conjugates (e.g., daidzin, genistin, and puerarin). For the five soybean genotypes, isoflavone levels were lower in the seeds as compared with roots plus shoots of control, time zero (first true leaf stage) seedlings. Following 10 days of the respective light treatments, we found that (i) isoflavone levels were enhanced in dark-grown plants over light-grown plants for three of the five genotypes (a new finding) and the reverse occurred for a single genotype (a typical response of legumes) and (ii) generally, far-red end of day (EOD) light treatment enhanced total isoflavone levels in roots plus shoots over red EOD light treatment. Results from the present study show that phytochrome does appear to play a role in regulating isoflavone levels in developing soybean seedlings and that this influence by red/far-red-mediated phytochrome reactions is strongly dependent on the genotypes selected for study.     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacements with three vegetable oils on growth,fatty acid composition,antioxidant capacity,serum parameters and expression of lipid metabolism related genes in juvenile Onychostoma macrolepis

Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO), algae oil from Schizochytrium sp. (AO), mixed oil (MO, SO:LO:AO = 1:1:1) and fish oil (FO; control group) were selected to feed juvenile Onychostoma macrolepis (initial weight 1.86 ± 0.07 g) for eight weeks. The results showed that in the LO and FO groups fish grew best. There was no significant difference in specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) between the MO and FO groups (p > .05). The highest contents of 18:2n‐6, 18:3n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 in liver and muscle were found with the SO, LO and AO groups, respectively (p < .05). There appeared the highest malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the lowest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the fish liver of the AO group. There appeared the highest concentrations of serum glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHOL) and triglycerides (TG) in the SO group. The expressions of lipid anabolism genes were significantly up‐regulated by dietary SO and LO (p < .05). The expressions of lipid catabolism genes were significantly higher with the AO, MO and FO groups (p < .05). This study recommended that LO or MO as a better vegetable oil source for juvenile O. macrolepis.     

宁夏引黄灌区冬麦北移及耕作改制的发展

为了适应全球气候变化,解决宁夏小麦生产中的瓶颈问题,探索冬麦北移及耕作改制的途径,20年来科研人员先后开展了冬小麦遗传资源、育种、栽培技术、耕作制度、种植业结构的研究。冬小麦新品种“宁冬10号” 、“宁冬11号”可比宁夏春麦主栽品种“宁春4号”增产20%～50%,其品质达到国家优质中筋小麦标准,最高产量达到11.5 t·hm^-2。宁夏引黄灌区已经出现大面积亩产量“超吨粮”的冬小麦套种玉米及亩产“超吨细粮”的冬小麦加复种水稻;冬小麦收获后复种蔬菜、青贮玉米等,达到了高产、优质、高效的目标。宁夏已有6种与种植冬小麦有关的“一年两熟、全免耕”轮作模式试验成功,并引进印度“涡轮式免耕快乐播种机”,且已研制成功适于宁夏引黄灌区的小麦免耕播种机。     

条锈菌诱导上调表达的小麦腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶（SAMDC）基因的克隆及其特征分析

为了克隆条锈菌诱导上调表达的小麦腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶（SAMDC）基因并研究其在小麦感病、抗病单株苗期抗条锈病防御反应中的作用,以大麦（Hordeum vulgareL.）SAMDC全长cDNA序列为信息探针,采用电子克隆、RACE（Rapid amplification of cDNA ends）和RT-PCR方法,从条锈菌（Puccinia stri-iformisf.sp.tritici）CYR32侵染的小麦（Triticum aestivumL.）抗条锈病新种质NR1121中分离出1个新的小麦SAMDC基因家族成员,命名为TaSAMDC2（GU016570）。TaSAMDC2基因cDNA序列全长2 003 bp,5′非翻译区区域和一个带有Poly（A）的3′非翻译区区域长分别为553和283 bp;该基因的开放阅读框为1 167 bp,编码388个氨基酸,编码的氨基酸序列包含酶原剪切位点和PEST结构域。基因组序列全长2 539bp,位于5′UTR存在一个526 bp长的内含子序列,内含子的剪切位点均符合真核生物GT-AG规则。同源序列分析表明,TaSAMDC2与来自大麦、水稻（Oryza sativaL.）、玉米（Zea maysL.）、一粒小麦（TriticummonococcumL.）4种植物SAMDC蛋白的相似性分别为95.0%、85.0%、80.0%和80.0%。半定量RT-PCR与实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,TaSAMDC2的表达受条锈菌诱导,小麦苗期经条锈菌侵染后,在抗病材料中,该基因于48 hpi上调表达至最高水平,而在感病材料中先下调、上调表达至最高水平明显滞后。结果提示,分离到的是一个条锈菌CYR32诱导后上调表达的小麦SAMDC基因,该基因可能参与了小麦的抗条锈病反应。     

Investigation of jute-lignin-poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) hybrid biodegradable composites with low water absorption

This study developed a novel PHB-lignin-jute biodegradable composite with preferable mechanical properties and low water absorption. The appearances of fracture surface of composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscope. The result suggested a Gaussian-like distribution of the size particles supporting the presence of lignin with a radius smaller than 0.5 μm. According to X-ray diffraction, the presence of lignin and jute fibers was decreased the crystallization of PHB. Moreover, the glass transition temperature of PHB increased, and the endotherm during glass transition was decreased. The maximum tensile strength and modulus of composites were obtained with 30 wt% jute fiber contents and 4 wt% lignin contents. The presence of jute fibers was largely increased the water absorption of composites. However, the presence of lignin was effectively decreased the water absorption of composites at saturation levels.     

HPLC和GC分析人参中腐酶利残留含量

目的建立人参样品中农药腐酶利残留含量测定方法。方法高效液相色谱法：SYMMETRYC18150mm×4．6mm（i．d）色谱柱,以乙腈一水（60：40）为流动相,检测波长为220nm;气相色谱法：30m×0．32mm（内径）×0．25μm（膜厚）,AB—1石英毛细管柱,外标法,ECD检测器进行定量分析。结果,HPLC、GC法测得的人参样品中腐酶利含量分别为6201μg／kg、636μg／kg。结论简便、快速,适合人参中农药腐霉利残留含量检测。     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫对高粱幼苗生理特性的影响

选用两个甜高粱和一个粒用高粱品种：‘高粱蔗’、‘四丽美’和‘河农16’,利用PEG6000对供试品种进行干旱胁迫处理,测定这3个品种不同处理时间和浓度的保护酶系活力和渗透调节物质（超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）酶活力、可溶性糖含量）的变化,并进行抗旱性分析,结果表明：胁迫处理下这3个品种的SOD、CAT、POD酶活力和可溶性糖含量均表现为‘高粱蔗’最高,‘四丽美’次之,‘河农16’最低,即‘高粱蔗’抗旱性最强,‘河农16’最差;不同品种类型之间保护酶系活力和渗透调节物质变化不同,抗旱能力存在差异,即甜高粱品种的抗旱能力强于普通粒用高粱品种。     

草茎点霉粗毒素的产生条件及活性测定

为了寻求能够充分发挥草茎点霉粗毒素活性的最佳培养条件,笔者利用有机溶剂萃取草茎点霉发酵液,获得粗毒素,采用针刺法、种子萌发法确定草茎点霉毒素合适的提取条件及对鸭跖草的致病性。结果表明：草茎点霉胞外毒素活性较高,3种有机溶剂中乙酸乙酯萃取效果最好,产毒的最佳条件为：培养温度32℃、培养时间14天、培养方式为150 r/min震荡培养。粗毒素浓度在1000 μg/mL时种子萌发抑制率为26.09%,病斑面积达到6.85 mm2。萃取毒素采用有机溶剂的种类以及培养温度、培养时间、培养方式对草茎点霉粗毒素的活性影响很大。