小麦生产概况及其发展

小麦是世界第一大口粮作物,是人类生活所依赖的重要食物来源,全球约35%~40%的人口以小麦为主要粮食。2016年世界小麦种植面积约22 010.76万hm ²,约占全球谷物种植面积的30.7%,远超过玉米、水稻、大豆,居世界谷物种植面积之首。本文论述了世界小麦生产概况,包括小麦的种类、分布及主要生产国的基本情况,重点论述了中国小麦的生产和发展情况。随着社会的发展和科学技术的进步,中国的小麦生产能力逐步发展,主要体现在3个方面：一是种植面积起伏变化大,二是单产稳步提升,三是总产持续增长。无论是冬小麦还是春小麦,高产高效栽培技术和优良品种对产量的提升都起到了重要作用,我国小麦生产水平有了很大提高。     

棘孢木霉菌肥对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果及对连作黄瓜根际土壤微生物种群的影响

为明确棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum菌肥在防治黄瓜枯萎病的同时对连作黄瓜根际土壤微生物种群的影响,采用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)分析方法分别测定了棘孢木霉菌肥对连作4年的黄瓜根际棘孢木霉菌和尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum DNA拷贝数变化和黄瓜根际微生物种群的影响。结果表明:棘孢木霉菌肥对黄瓜幼苗期和速长期黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果分别为70.24%和76.81%,均与药剂对照的防效差异不显著。棘孢木霉菌的DNA拷贝数出现2个高峰期,即黄瓜苗期和盛果期,其DNA拷贝数分别为235 000.00 ng/μL和80 500.00 ng/μL。黄瓜速长期、盛果期、生长末期的尖孢镰孢菌DNA拷贝数分别为15.41、54.87和18.36 ng/μL,且显著低于同一时期药剂对照和清水对照。黄瓜幼苗期、速长期、开花期和盛果期根际土壤微生物丰度分别为2.24、1.98、2.52和2.12,均高于药剂对照。由此可见,棘孢木霉菌肥在防治黄瓜枯萎病的同时,还可以改善黄瓜连作土壤微生物种群结构。     

Identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> species associated with soybean root rot in Sichuan Province,China

Soybean root rot is a worldwide soil-borne fungal disease threatening soybean production, causing large loss in yield and quality of soybean. Fusarium species are well recognized as the important causal agent of Fusarium root rot, which are often distinct with respect to various factors in different soybean-producing regions around the world. Recently, Fusarium root rot has been frequently reported in Sichuan Province of China, where is unique in its climate and diverse cropping patterns, but it is still unclear about the predominant Fusarium species and their pathogenicity on soybean. In this study, diseased soybean roots were collected from three regions of Sichuan Province during 2014–2015. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene, 78 isolates of Fusarium were identified as nine distinct species. Pathogenicity tests showed that seven species of Fusarium were able to infect soybean, but differed in pathogenicity. F. oxysporum, F. equiseti and F. graminearum were the most aggressive species to soybean, whereas F. fujikuroi and F. verticillioides were not pathogenic to soybean. There was a strong positive correlation of the pathogenicity of Fusarium species with seedling emergence and fresh root weight. In addition, the diversity of Fusarium species varied among soybean-growing regions. To our knowledge, this report on population and pathogenicity of Fusarium species, in particular, F. graminearum, associated with soybean root rot in Sichuan Province of southwest China, will be helpful to provide effective control strategies for the disease.     

咪鲜胺、氟环唑及其混配对水稻纹枯病室内毒力及田间防效

为筛选出对水稻纹枯病高效的新配方药剂及剂量,以咪鲜胺和氟环唑混配进行室内抑菌活性、持效期和田间药效测定。采用孙云沛法进行室内联合毒力测定,结果表明,供试的5种混配组合对水稻纹枯病菌的联合毒力均表现为增效,综合联合毒力、成本和持效期等因素,选择30%咪鲜胺·氟环唑微乳剂(2∶1)为最佳田间应用配比。田间药效试验亦表明,30%咪鲜胺·氟环唑微乳剂(20%+10%)158~180g/hm2的用量对水稻纹枯病有较好的防治效果。     

东北北部高寒区大豆品系因子分析及综合评价

为合理利用大豆种质资源,选取适合寒区种植的大豆品系,2017年在黑龙江省黑河市嫩江县鹤山农场对30份大豆品系的10个农艺性状及产量性状进行变异性、相关性、因子分析和聚类分析。结果表明:大豆种质资源10个农艺性状的变异系数为4.66%~87.53%,其中单株瘪荚数变异系数最大,单位面积株数变异系数最小;因子分析将10个性状浓缩为4个主因子,分别为结荚数因子、高度因子、粒重因子和株数因子,且累计贡献率高达84.74%;聚类分析表明,30份大豆品系可聚类成3大类,第1类群共计15份品系,第2类群共计11份品系,第3类群共计4份品系,分别为CS1737、CS1733、CS1704和CS1761,适宜该寒区推广种植。     

MAPK级联在玉米抗病反应和植保素代谢调控中的作用分析

利用MAPK级联抑制剂U0126和PD98059特异抑制MAPK信号传递途径后,使用禾谷镰刀菌侵染或脱落酸(ABA)处理玉米自交系Mo17幼苗,利用qRT-PCR分析植保素关键基因表达情况,观察MAPK级联对玉米响应禾谷镰刀菌侵染的情况。结果表明,抑制MAPK级联后,玉米叶片对禾谷镰刀菌侵染更加敏感,发病率显著提高,禾谷镰刀菌对植保素相关基因TPS6、An2、CYP71Z18、KSL5和TPS1的诱导受到抑制,且转录因子WRKY79的表达也被抑制,说明在玉米叶片中植保素的产生受MAPK级联的调控。玉米根系在MAPK级联被抑制后,ABA对这些基因表达的诱导同样受到抑制。说明MAPK级联参与植物抗病反应,在玉米叶片和根部MAPK级联可能通过调控转录因子ZmWRKY79参与对植保素代谢的调控,为玉米抗病反应机理研究提供理论依据。     

Modification and Characterization of Nano-TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> for Efficient Fixation on Cotton Fibers

In this paper, a silane coupling agent, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, was reacted with nano-TiO₂ to introduce amino group onto it which was then reacted with trichlorotriazine to obtain a dichlorotriazine functionalized nano-TiO₂ for the firm fixation of it on cotton fibers. The reaction process was monitored by the titration of primary and secondary amino groups, and the reaction conditions were optimized with orthogonal method accordingly. The dichlorotriazine functionalized nano-TiO₂ was reacted with cotton fabric by the nucleophile substitution reaction to afford nano-TiO₂ functionalized cotton fabric, the structure and surface morphology of the nano-TiO₂ finished cotton fibers were studied by FT-TR and SEM. In addition, the fixation duration of the nano-TiO₂ modified cotton was studied according to AATCC test method 61–2010. The results show that the washing fastness of the nano-TiO₂ is excellent.     

Facile Fabrication of Electrospun Silica Nanofibrous Membrane with Hydrophobic,Oleophilic and Breathable Performances

We report a simple and versatile method to prepare hydrophobic composite SiO₂ membrane. The electrospun SiO₂ membrane was selected due to its good flexibility and thermal stability. The hydrophobic SiO₂ membrane was succussfully prepared by simply evaporating a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer on the fiber surface. The characterization results show that the PDMS layer is too thin to be observed. The PDMS coating has no influence on the porous structure of the fibrous membrane, but imparts the good hydrophobicity and oleophilicity to the SiO₂ nanofibers. As demonstration, the hydrophobic SiO₂-PDMS membrane displays good oil absorption performance from the oil/water mixture, as well as filtration membrane for oil/water separation. Additionally, due to the proper pore size and hydrophobic surface, the SiO₂- PDMS membrane shows good waterproof performance and breathability at the same time.     

Machine vision smart sprayer for spot-application of agrochemical in wild blueberry fields

An essential part of the wild blueberry cropping system is the proper management of agrochemical inputs including herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. A machine vision system was developed and mounted on the rear sprayer boom 0.18 m in front of the sprayer nozzles capable of targeting the agrochemical application on an as-needed basis. The three-point hitch mounted sprayer featured 27 nozzles over a 13.7 m boom width and a storage tank capacity of 1135 l. Nine digital color cameras continually take images in real-time while computer software processes the images in 0.15 s to determine the target locations where the nozzles open and spray at speeds up to 1.77 m s^?1. Two wild blueberry fields in central Nova Scotia were selected for smart sprayer performance testing with spot-application (SA) of agrochemical as compared to control and uniform application techniques. Chateau^® herbicide was applied in a field with an infestation of hair cap moss. Spray droplet comparison showed moss patches were properly targeted using the smart sprayer. SA provided the same coverage performance as compared to uniform on the moss targets with herbicide application savings of 78.5% using the smart sprayer. Harvestable yield results were similar for all application tracks. TruPhos Magnesium and ZincMax foliar fertilizers were tank mixed with Bravo^® and Proline^® fungicides and applied to compare the difference of SA, control and uniform application. Results showed SA of foliar fertilizer and fungicide led to less premature leaf drop and increased the blueberry stem height, number of branches, stem diameter and fruit buds. SA of foliar fertilizer and fungicide also increased the percent of healthy wild blueberry plants by 57.8% and the harvestable yield by 137.8%. Fungicide application savings using the smart sprayer for SA were 11.6%.     

Pinnisterols A–C,New 9,11-Secosterols from a Gorgonian Pinnigorgia sp.

Three new 9,11-secosterols, pinnisterols A–C (1–3), were isolated from a gorgonian coral Pinnigorgia sp., collected off the waters of Taiwan. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. The new sterols 1 and 3 displayed significant inhibitory effects on the generation of superoxide anions and the release of elastase by human neutrophils, and sterol 1 was found to show moderate cytotoxicity in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).