基于高光谱和BP神经网络的玉米叶片SPAD值遥感估算

为了进一步提高玉米叶绿素含量的高光谱估算精度,该文测定了西北地区玉米乳熟期叶片的光谱反射率及其对应的叶绿素相对含量（soil and plant analyzer development,SPAD）值,分析了一阶微分光谱、高光谱特征参数与 SPAD的相关关系,构建了基于一阶微分光谱、高光谱特征参数和 BP 神经网络的 SPAD 估算模型,并对模型进行验证;再结合主成分回归（principal component regression,PCR）、偏最小二乘回归（partial least squares regression,PLSR）以及传统回归模型与 BP 神经网络模型进行比较。结果表明：SPAD 值与一阶微分光谱在763nm 处具有最大相关系数（R=0.901）;以763 nm 处的一阶微分值、蓝边内最大一阶微分为自变量建立的传统回归模型可用于玉米叶片 SPAD 估算;将构建传统回归模型时筛选到的光谱参数作为输入,实测 SPAD 值作为输出,构建 BP 神经网络模型,其建模与验模 R2分别为0.887和0.896,RMSE 为2.782,RE 为4.59%,与其他回归模型相比,BP 神经网络模型预测精度最高,研究表明 BP 神经网络对叶绿素具有较好的预测能力,是估算玉米叶片 SPAD 值的一种实时高效的方法。     

3ZSP-2型甘蔗中耕施肥培土机刮板式排肥装置参数优化

为提高3ZSP-2型甘蔗中耕施肥培土机的排肥均匀度和稳定性,通过单因素及中心组合试验研究了其结构和性能参数对排肥均匀度的影响。以前进速度、刮板宽度和刮板角度为主要影响因素,采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计方法,建立了3ZSP-2型甘蔗中耕施肥培土机排肥均匀度的数学模型,通过回归统计方差、响应面和等高线分析了各机构参数对排肥均匀度的影响规律。结果表明:在刮板宽度30~50 mm,刮板角度15°~19°,前进速度为0.7~1.1 m/s试验参数范围内,各因素对排肥均匀度影响程度从高到低依次为刮板宽度、刮板角度、前进速度,排肥均匀度随各因素参数的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。当刮板宽度为48.4 mm、刮板角度为16.5°、前进速度为1.09 m/s的参数条件下,施肥均匀度由原来的90.1%提高到92.97%,排肥稳定性提高,开沟深度稳定性达92.9%,肥料覆盖率达100%。研究结果为3ZSP-2型甘蔗中耕施肥培土机的设计和改进提供了理论依据。     

A Population-Size Model for Protein Spot Detection in Proteomic Studies

In proteomic studies, a population of proteins are often examined on a gel using a technique called two-dimensional gel eletrophoresis. The technique separates the protein population into individual protein spots on a two-dimensional gel by isoelectric charge and molecular weight. The resulting gel images are then processed by a software system for spot detection and subsequent analysis. The performance of a spot-detection program is evaluated by the total number of spots that are detected. A popular spot-detection program uses the “master–slave” approach, where all spots on “slave images” are subsets of the spots on the “master image.” We argue that this approach potentially misses a large proportion of proteins and propose a model that quantifies the lack of performance. We provide nonparametric estimators for the protein population size and the expected number of proteins to be detected if a “fusion-gel” approach was used. Using the data from a rat liver proteome study, we estimate that more than half of the protein population is missed by the master–slave approach.     

一株鹅源多杀性巴氏杆菌强毒株的分离鉴定及其血清型鉴定相关基因的克隆

为探索某鹅场鹅巴氏杆菌病疫情发生的原因,采集初诊为鹅巴氏杆菌感染病例的肝脏、心脏等样品进行细菌分离纯化,经过染色镜检、培养特性、生化试验、种与血清型PCR鉴定、致病性试验和药敏试验等进行鉴定,并根据GenBank中多杀性巴氏杆菌血清型相关基因设计引物进行其血清型相关基因的克隆分析。结果显示,分离到1株荚膜A型鹅源多杀性巴氏杆菌,属于多杀亚种,血清型Ⅰ型,具有较强致病性,对实验小鼠最小致死量为5 cfu。该分离菌株具有多重耐药性,仅对头孢三嗪、头孢噻吩、头孢他啶、头孢唑肟和氟苯尼考5种药物敏感。成功克隆的该分离菌株荚膜合成相关基因hyaD hyaC的开放阅读框4 155 bp,与已发布基因序列同源性高达99%;血清型Ⅰ型PCR的扩增基因片段303 bp,与巴氏杆菌C48 1株扩增基因片段序列完全相同。综上,该株血清型Ⅰ型荚膜A型的鹅源多杀性巴氏杆菌强毒株,是鹅场疫情发生的病原,克隆的荚膜合成相关基因和菌体血清型特异性基因遗传相对稳定。     

苜蓿菌根对土壤中阿特拉津降解及酶活性影响

为进一步揭示丛枝菌根(AM)对土壤中阿特拉津的降解机理,建立了新型T型培养体系,并以阿特拉津敏感植物紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)形成的共生体系为研究对象,分别测定了苜蓿菌根对阿特拉津的降解效率及其根际土壤酶活性。当阿特拉津胁迫浓度为 20 mg/kg时,苜蓿菌根侵染率在25天时高达85.70%,阿特拉津降解率为70.22%,其中菌根贡献度为77.28%,表明苜蓿菌根对阿特拉津具有较强的降解能力。与此同时,添加阿特拉津能够提高菌根根际土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶的活性。在接种G. mosseae和添加阿特拉津的双重作用下,4种土壤酶活性进一步增强。总之,本研究结果为应用AM真菌修复农药污染土壤提供了理论依据。     

PEG预处理对水分胁迫下水稻叶片抗氧化酶同工酶及其表达的影响

采用聚乙二醇（PEG6000）模拟水分胁迫,研究水稻在10％PEG预处理及复水和更强的水分胁迫（15％PEG）处理条件下叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）同工酶及其基因表达的变化。结果表明PEG预处理能提高叶片SOD、CAT和POD同工酶的产生,并诱导产生新谱带。当水稻受到更强的水分胁迫（15%PEG）时SOD同工酶的酶II和IV的活性升高,并有新诱导出的酶III参与其中;对POD而言酶Ⅱ升高,酶Ⅴ减小,并有新诱导出的酶VI参与抗氧化过程;而对CAT同工酶却有着不同的调节作用。此外,直接15%PEG胁迫（即对照组2）的Cu/Zn-SOD、APX1和CAT1基因在转录水平有明显的上调,而预处理复水组和预处理组CAT1较对照组1略有降低,预处理组APX1与对照组1相似。说明15%PEG会使水稻受到伤害,但是经过预处理后的水稻能提高抗性使其抗氧化酶基因与对照组1有着相似的表达,表明植物在遇到较强的水分胁迫时,会通过调节自身的基因表达水平来抵抗外界水分胁迫。     

An attempt at implementing a holistic inclusive development model: Insights from Malaysia's land settlement scheme

This paper examines the influences of Malaysia's Federation Land Development Authority (FELDA) scheme in fostering inclusive rural development. Based on the model of holistic inclusive development, the paper investigates the performance of FELDA from four perspectives: social development, industrialisation, modernisation and basic needs. The main findings of the study indicate that, to a large extent, the scheme has successfully stimulated both the social and economic development of the community. Nonetheless, establishing a strong trust, social cohesion and rapport between the public authorities and community remain the main challenges in determining the success of this state‐led agenda. Moreover, keeping traditional values in the modern system will be the key principle for the sustainability of the programme if plans are made to adopt the scheme in other regions.