Nonemployment Income and the Economic Base of Michigan Counties: 1959–1986

ABSTRACT Despite the fact that nonemployment income makes up approximately one-third of all personal income, its impact on local area economies has not been closely examined. This study uses Michigan county data to examine the impact of nonemployment income on nonbasic income over a twenty-seven-year period. This impact is compared to the impact of basic income by employing regression analysis to estimate comparative multiplier effects for both types of income. Nonemployment income is found to have a significant impact on nonbasic income, particularly in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan urban counties, where its impact appears to be stronger than that of basic income.     

啤酒营养与保健作用的研究进展

啤酒是以大麦芽、啤酒花、酵母等原料酿造而成的一种低酒度(3%)饮品。啤酒营养丰富,含多种人体必需氨基酸、维生素和微量元素,以及生物活性物质,如多酚和黄酮类化合物等,饮用后对人体的多种生理功能具有调节作用。其药理和保健作用有:防止动脉硬化和心脏病、抑制癌症、促进血液循环、改善免疫机能、抗氧化与抗衰老、促进雌激素分泌、减轻放射线损害、预防白内障、解除肾结石、镇静、活化胃、促进食欲等。     

RGO/Nylon-6 composite mat with unique structural features and electrical properties obtained from electrospinning and hydrothermal process

In this work, the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets were effectively uploaded through nylon-6 fibers using combined process of electrospinning and hydrothermal treatment. Good dispersion of graphene oxide (GO) with nylon-6 solution could allow to upload GO sheets through nylon-6 fibers and facilitate the formation of spider-wave-like nano-nets during electrospinning. GO sheets present on/into nylon-6 spider-wave-like nano-nets were further reduced to RGO using hydrothermal treatment. The impregnated GO sheets into nylon-6 nanofibers and their reduction during hydrothermal treatment were confirmed by FE-SEM, TEM, FT-IR and Raman spectra. The electrical characteristics of pristine nylon-6, GO/nylon-6 and RGO/nylon-6 nanofibers were investigated and it was found that RGO/nylon-6 composite mat had better electrical conductivity than others. The formation of spider-wave-like nano-nets as well as indirect route of incorporation of RGO sheets on electrospun nylon-6 mat may open a new direction for future graphene/polymer electronics.     

鸡,鸭体内传染性法氏囊病病毒的分离及理化性质比较

从疑似传染性法氏囊病（ＩＢＤ）病鸡及同群饲养的鸭体内各分离到１株病毒，用传染性法氏囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）单克隆抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ试验证明两病毒均为ＩＢＤＶ，病毒血清型为Ⅰ型。病毒可致死鸡胚，适应于鸡胚成纤维细胞并产生细胞病变（ＣＰＥ）。理化性质比较表明，两病毒为同源ＩＢＤＶ。研究表明，鸭可成为ＩＢＤＶ的携带者或传染源。     

壳聚糖浸种对干旱胁迫下苜蓿种子发芽的缓解作用

以苜蓿种子为试材,采用不同浓度壳聚糖溶液对苜蓿进行浸种处理,测定其对干旱胁迫下苜蓿种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响,旨在寻找苜蓿发芽阶段抗干旱胁迫的最佳浸种浓度。结果表明:随着壳聚糖溶液处理浓度的升高,干旱胁迫下苜蓿种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、苗高与根长均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。隶属函数综合分析表明,壳聚糖溶液浸种对干旱胁迫下苜蓿种子发芽能力的影响效果由大到小依次为:100 mg/L、50 mg/L、25 mg/L、150 mg/L、0 mg/L、200 mg/L,以100 mg/L的壳聚糖浸种处理对提高苜蓿种子发芽阶段抗干旱胁迫的效果最佳。     

Changes to a soil on irrigation with a sanitary landfill leachate

A detailed soil column leaching experiment was set up to investigate the changes in properties to a soil as a result of irrigation with an alkaline sanitary landfill leachate (pH 10.3). Chemistry of the soil was drastically altered as a consequence of the interaction. The soil was titrated from pH 5 to pH 10 and was changed from an exchangeable Mg dominated soil to an exchangeable Ca dominated soil. Magnesium was displaced by ion exchange reaction at acid pH, but at pH 10, 14.2 meq 100 g^?1 of Mg, i.e. up to three times the cation exchange capacity of Mg, was adsorbed in non-exchangeable forms at the immediate surface of the soil column by specific adsorption reactions. The leachate-treated soil was not stable on distilled water leaching. Structural breakdown led to clay dispersion and reduction in pore space, resulting in a 64 times reduction in hydraulic conductivity, 1.6 × 10^?4 to 2.5 × 10^?6 cm s^?1. The structural breakdown could be explained in term of the increase in Na adsorption ratio of the treated soil and the subsequent reduction in electrolyte concentration following the distilled water treatment.     

An evaluation of the precision,and various sources of error,in daily and cumulative precipitation chemistry sampling

Experiments have been carried out to assess the precision and various potential sources of error in precipitation chemistry and deposition measurements made by the Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS). It was found that reproducibility of daily precipitation concentration measurements of S0₄ ^? and NO₃ ^? using colocated Aerochem Metrics samplers is 96% or better for 50% of the time, and 73% or better for 95 % of the time. For these parameters, MIC Type A 28-d samplers give reproducibilities of 94% or better 50% of the time, and 79% or better 95 % of the time. The reproducibility for the concentration of the other major ions, and loading (concentration times sample depth) is somewhat poorer. Concentration changes due to sample degradation or evaporative losses under field conditions are negligible or small on average, even for 28-d samples. For 28-d concentration measurements using MIC Type A collectors, errors due to evaporation amount to about 3% as an annual average, and 5% during the summer period. For S0₄ ^? and NO₃ ^?, overall long-term errors due to exposure under field conditions (including dry contamination and degradation due to chemical reactions), and sample handling, are less than 10%, at least for the techniques used in APIOS. A major potential source of error still to be quantified is unrepresentative sampling by automatic wet-only collectros (i.e., missing of initial portions of precipitation events due to sluggish sensor response, or less than 100% collection efficiencies of precipitation amounts).     

不同土壤熏蒸剂对烤烟苗床杂草的药效试验

以烟草品种龙江911为供试材料,对适每地、维博亩和斯美地这3种不同土壤熏蒸剂防除烟草苗床杂草效果进行了试验。结果表明,适每地和斯美地这两种土壤熏蒸剂对苗床杂草均有较好的防除效果。综合防除效果及安全性等因素．以斯美地效果最理想,其次是适每地,均可在黑龙江省烟区推广使用。     

Seasonal changes in surface aggregate stability under different tillage and crops

Temporal changes in the surface aggregate stability of an Oxic Paleustalf under different tillage practices (direct drilled/stubble retained versus conventional cultivated/stubble burnt) and under different crops (wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) versus lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.)) were monitored at a 10-year-old rotation site in Wagga Wagga, N.S.W., Australia.

Seasonal fluctuations in aggregate stability were observed under all treatments and were greater than the differences detected between the different tillage and cropping treatments. The seasonal variation was significantly related to the soil water content at the time of sampling and the lowest stability occurred during the autumn/winter period. Cropping under direct drilling and stubble retention resulted in significantly higher stability and lower seasonal fluctuations in stability than under conventional tillage and stubble burning. Despite the seasonal fluctuation, water stability over the season of both of the macroaggregate (more than 250 μm) and microaggregate (less than 50 μm) fractions increased significantly.

While the mean (temporal) stability of the different treatments was significantly related to the mean organic carbon content (r = 0.91) and polysaccharide content, the temporal changes were not related to the soil organic carbon content nor the living root length density.

Lupin had a more beneficial effect on promoting macroaggregate stability than wheat under the conventional tillage/stubble burnt treatment but no significant difference was found under the direct drilled/stubble retained treatment.     

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of ochratoxin A in barley

A noncompetitive, double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for ochratoxin A using microtitration plates has been developed and applied to samples of barley. The anti-ochratoxin A antiserum, which is used at high dilution, does not cross-react significantly with ochratoxin B or ochratoxin a. Assay sensitivity for determination of the toxin in barley samples is 60 ng/kg. Minimal sample preparation is required before assay.