麻疯树籽提油工艺优化及籽粕中粗蛋白质含量分析

试验旨在优化麻疯树籽提油工艺并分析其籽粕中粗蛋白质含量,以提油率、提油后籽粕中粗蛋白质含量为优化指标,探讨料液比、温度、时间3个因素对麻疯树籽提油率及籽粕中粗蛋白质含量的影响,并结合正交试验获得麻疯树籽提油的最佳工艺参数。单因素试验结果表明,料液比为1∶18、温度为40℃、提取时间30 min时,提油率达到最高,分别为38.22%、32.21%及34.13%。方差分析结果表明,各因素影响提油率的主次顺序为温度 > 料液比 > 提取时间,其中温度和料液比对提油率的影响极显著（P < 0.01）,提取时间对提油率无显著影响（P > 0.05）;影响籽粕粗蛋白质的主次顺序为温度 > 提取时间 > 料液比,其中温度对籽粕粗蛋白质含量的影响极显著（P < 0.01）,提取时间对籽粕粗蛋白质含量的影响显著（P < 0.05）。正交试验结果表明,麻疯树籽最佳提油工艺组合为A₃B₃C₃,即在料液比为1∶22、温度为50℃、时间为50 min的最佳工艺条件下,提油率为39.41%,籽粕粗蛋白质为24.13%。本研究为麻疯树籽提油及提油后籽粕的开发应用提供了理论依据。     

柏正平教授运用补肺益肾膏治疗COPD稳定期临床经验

湖南省名中医柏正平教授认为慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD）稳定期肺、脾、肾亏虚为发病之本,痰浊、瘀血为病理产物,治以补肺健脾、温肾固本、祛痰化瘀,临床采用自拟膏方补肺益肾膏对COPD稳定期患者进行调理,增强患者体质,减少急性发作次数,提高患者生活质量,为COPD稳定期的临床治疗提供有效方法。     

How Messaging Shapes Attitudes toward Sea Otters as a Species at Risk

To address the drivers of biodiversity loss, conservation efforts must attend to public attitudes toward endangered species. Using sea otters as a species at risk, we examined how messaging shapes people’s attitudes toward this species. Participants viewed a message about sea otters that was either positive (sea otters as keystone species), negative (resource conflict with local fishermen), or neutral (biological facts). The impact of the message on people’s attitudes was measured using Kellert’s typology of basic attitudes toward wildlife. We found that the negative message promoted people’s interests in the practical value of sea otters (utilitarian-consumption attitudes), their habitats (utilitarian-habitat attitudes), and control over sea otters (dominionistic attitudes), even though the negative message was perceived as less convincing and believable than positive or neutral messages. The positive message decreased utilitarian-consumption attitudes, and the neutral message decreased utilitarian-habitat attitudes. Our findings suggested that messaging can influence public attitudes toward wildlife.     

不同灭菌处理对小龙虾品质的影响

以熟制小龙虾(克氏原螯虾)(Procambarus clarkii)为原料,在真空包装条件下进行不同剂量的辐照灭菌以及高压灭菌与辐照灭菌的对比储藏品质研究。结果表明,在0~8 kGy辐照范围内,虾肉水分含量、色度L*、a*、弹性、黏度呈下降趋势,而色度b*、硬度、咀嚼性呈上升趋势,虾青素含量和蛋白疏水性增加,蛋白浓度下降,虾肉的综合品质稍有劣变。与高压灭菌相比,6 kGy辐照灭菌较好地抑制储藏期虾肉含水量下降和色泽发暗的现象,保证了小龙虾储藏期的卫生安全、外观色泽和质构品质。储藏期蛋白组分由于微生物降解的作用而消失,辐照灭菌在抑制80 kDa处高分子量蛋白组分下降效果尤其明显。     

Using artificial neural network to predict colour properties of laser-treated 100% cotton fabric

In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN) model was used for predicting colour properties of 100 % cotton fabrics, including colour yield (in terms of K/S value) and CIE L, a, and b values, under the influence of laser engraving process with various combination of laser processing parameters. Variables examined in the ANN model included fibre composition, fabric density (warp and weft direction), mass of fabric, fabric thickness and linear density of yarn (warp and weft direction). The ANN model was compared with a linear regression model where the ANN model produced superior results in prediction of colour properties of laser engraved 100 % cotton fabrics. The relative importance of the examined factors influencing colour properties was also investigated. The analysis revealed that laser processing parameters played an important role in affecting the colour properties of the treated 100 % cotton fabrics.     

病毒的进化与传播

<正>病毒是由单一核酸分子(DNA或RNA)与蛋白质构成的非细胞形态的营寄生生活的生命体,它是所有生命体中变化最多的生物。病毒的进化与传播依然是进化生物学和传染病预防控制中的重要课题。     

Flavonols attenuate the immediate and late-phase asthmatic responses to aerosolized-ovalbumin exposure in the conscious guinea pig

We previously reported that quercetin and rutin have potent, anti-asthmatic activity, but the structure-activity relationships of flavonoids and anti-asthmatic agents are still poorly understood. In the current study, the effects of kaempferol, fisetin, and morin on the immediate-phase response (IAR) and late-phase response (LAR) caused by exposure to aerosolized-ovalbumin (OA) in OA-sensitized guinea pigs were evaluated by determining the specific airway resistance (sRaw), recruitment of leukocytes and chemical mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), histopathological surveys, and determination of neutrophil chemotaxis. Fisetin and kaempherol (30 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited sRaw by 47.93% and 30.05% in IAR, and 54.45% and 40.50% in LAR, when compared to vehicle control, respectively. Furthermore, all three studied flavonols (30 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the recruitment of total, as well as subtypes of, leukocytes into the lung BALF. This recruitment inhibition corresponded to the inhibition of leukocyte infiltration, particularly of eosinophils and neutrophils, into the lung in pathological surveys and formly-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP)-induced neutrophil chemotaxis studies. Kaempferol inhibited FMLP-induced neutrophil chemotaxis in a concentration-dependent manner in a tested range of 1–100 μM. Fisetin inhibited histamine content and peroxidase (EPO) activity in BALF in a dose-dependent manner. All three tested flavonols significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited histamine content at 10 mg/kg, and phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) and EPO activities at 30 mg/kg (p.o.) in BALF. Kaempherol had a greater anti-asthmatic effect than other flavonols. Fisetin demonstrated the greatest inhibition of sRaw, whereas morin had lesser effects. These results indicate that the lower the molecular weight, the greater the anti-asthmatic activities of these compounds.     

Transplacental Transfer of Iron in the Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): Uteroferrin and Erythrophagocytosis

The objectives of this investigation were to understand transplacental transport of iron by secreted uteroferrin (UF) and haemophagous areas of water buffalo placenta and clarify the role(s) of blood extravasation at the placental‐maternal interface. Placentomes and interplacentomal region of 51 placentae at various stages of gestation were fixed, processed for light and transmission electron microscopy, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Haemophagous areas were present in placentomes collected between 4 and 10 months of pregnancy. Perl’s reaction for ferric iron was negative in placentomes, but positive in endometrial glands. Positive staining for UF indicated areas in which it was being taken up by phagocytosis and/or fluid phase pinocytosis in areolae of the interplacentomal mesenchyme, with little staining in endometrial stroma. Imunohistochemistry detected UF in trophectoderm of haemophagous regions of placentomes and in other parts of the foetal villous tree, but the strongest immunostaining was in the epithelial cells and lumen of uterine glands. Ultrastructural analyses indicated that erythrophagocytosis was occurring and that erythrocytes were present inside cells of the chorion that also contained endocytic vesicles and caveolae. Results of this study indicate that both the haemophagous areas of placentomes and the areolae at the interface between chorion and endometrial glands are important sites for iron transfer from mother to foetal‐placental tissues in buffalo throughout pregnancy.