Estimating the outcrossing rate of Cyperus difformis using resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides and molecular markers

Cyperus difformis (smallflower umbrella sedge) is an economically important weed of rice in California where its control has recently been complicated by the evolution of herbicide resistance. Knowledge of the mating system of this weed is needed to elucidate the dynamics of resistance evolution and to design mitigation strategies that delay its occurrence. The aim of this study was to estimate the outcrossing rate of C. difformis using molecular and phenotypic markers. Outcrossing rates were estimated in natural field populations using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) molecular markers and in glasshouse and field experiments using resistance to the acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicide bensulfuron-methyl as a phenotypic marker. Using SRAP markers, the multilocus ( t _m) and average single-locus ( t _s) outcrossing rates varied from 0.014 to 0.025 and from 0.008 to 0.012, respectively, among natural weed populations in rice fields. Using resistance to bensulfuron-methyl as a genetic marker, the average C. difformis outcrossing rate estimated was 0.009 in the glasshouse and 0.0084 in the field. These results indicate that C. difformis is a highly self-fertilising species. Therefore, the primary mechanism by which genes for herbicide resistance can be transferred among C. difformis populations in different rice fields is probably seed dispersal. Weed management should emphasise prevention of seed production and dispersal to preclude the further spread and evolution of resistance in C. difformis .     

绿茶保鲜技术研究进展

对目前应用于绿茶贮藏保鲜技术研究的新进展进行了综述,并对未来绿茶保鲜技术的发展进行展望,提出发展方向,以期为茶叶加工和贮藏保鲜提供理论依据。     

HPLC-ELSD法优化益母草中盐酸水苏碱提取工艺研究

试验旨在运用HPLC-ELSD法对益母草中盐酸水苏碱进行分离分析,建立益母草盐酸水苏碱含量测定的方法,为益母草提取工艺的优化提供理论依据。色谱条件:色谱柱为Venusil HILIC亲水型色谱柱;流动相为乙腈-0.2%冰醋酸溶液(体积比80:20);流速为1.0 mL/min;柱温为30 ℃;检测器:ELSD;漂移管温度 80 ℃,雾化室温度50 ℃,载气体积流量1.0000 mL/min。结果显示,盐酸水苏碱在0.49~4.91 μg时线性关系良好(R²=0.9993);在提取时间为1 h,提取次数为2次,料水比为20:1条件下,益母草有效成分提取率最高。结合生产实际,最终优化的提取方案:提取时间1.5 h,提取数2次,料水比为20:1。综上所述,对于益母草中盐酸水苏碱含量的测定,宜采用高效液相色谱的方法,同时应用蒸发光散射检测器。此方法具有特异性强、稳定性好、反应灵敏、操作简便、重现性好等特点,可为益母草提取工艺的优化提供相应的理论依据。     

Assessing the Relative Importance of Nitrogen-Retention Processes in a Large Reservoir Using Time-Series Modeling

Nitrogen (N) removal within reservoirs can be substantial, but few studies have reported the relative importance of various N-retention pathways. Assessing N-removal processes in reservoirs is important for quantifying the impacts of reservoirs on downstream water quality. In this study, we used a time-series approach to quantify the relative importance of various N-removal processes in the Saylorville Reservoir in Iowa. Dynamic regression modeling of upstream–downstream changes in key water-quality surrogates (pH, hardness, alkalinity, and suspended solids) and their relation to N concentration changes were used to estimate the relative importances of denitrification, N assimilation by algal uptake, and sedimentation of N on N retention in the reservoir. Assuming that decreasing N concentrations in the reservoir are the sum of these three processes, we estimate that denitrification is the dominant N removal process (60.9 %) followed by algal assimilation (37.9 %) and sedimentation (1.2 %). Our approach represents a new method of establishing the relative importance of N-removal processes in reservoirs and quantifying the impacts of reservoirs on downstream water quality.     

Pacific hake (Merluccius productus Ayres, 1855) hydrolysates as feed attractants for juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum, 1792)

Soybean meal (SBM) inclusion in salmonid diets can lower feed cost, but dramatically reduces growth and feed utilization, and increases mortality in juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, due to diminished diet palatability and/or other adverse physiological effects exerted by antinutritional factors in SBM. The objective of this study was to investigate whether commercial Antarctic krill meal Euphausia superba or hydrolysates enzymatically produced from Pacific hake Merluccius productus could reverse the negative palatability effects of SBM inclusion in juvenile chinook salmon diets. Diets without SBM or with SBM and no added feed attractant were used as positive and negative control diets respectively. Incorporation of 2% krill meal or Alcalase^®‐produced hydrolysates into SBM‐containing diets (20% of dry matter by isonitrogenous replacement of fishmeal) significantly (P < 0.05) increased feed intake, feed utilization, fish weight gain and thermal growth coefficient during a 5‐week trial. Nevertheless, the negative effects on fish performance incurred by dietary inclusion of 20% SBM could not be fully reversed, indicating that most of those effects were likely unrelated to palatability. This study demonstrates the potential for using Pacific hake hydrolysates as a dietary feed attractant for salmonid diets, and supports the need for further research to optimize its application for ideal fish performance.     

鹅模式受体MDA5基因克隆及功能分析

黑素瘤差异化相关基因5(melanoma differentiation associated gene 5,MDA5)为一类胞内模式识别受体,能够识别入侵病毒的RNA链,在先天性免疫中发挥重要的抗病毒作用.本研究根据已发表的人和鸡MDA5基因序列设计引物,用overlap PCR技术从鹅成纤维细胞(goose embryo fibroblast cells,GEF)中扩增出鹅的MDA5基因,经序列测定发现它与鸡的MDA5序列有很高的同源性.将鹅MDA5真核表达质粒转染HEK-293T细胞,并用Poly(I:C)进行刺激,发现IFN-β的表达出现上调.同时,用新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)感染GEF,发现MDA5 mRNA表达也出现了上调.本研究获得的gMDA5为国内首次报道证实的鹅MDA5基因,为进一步研究其在抗病毒中的作用奠定了基础.     

杨树人工林连栽对土壤生物学性质的影响

采用空间代替时间的方法,研究了连栽对江汉平原杨树人工林土壤生物学性质的影响。笔者通过结果表明:与第1代林相比,第2代林土壤真菌、放线菌、细菌的数量分别下降34.38%、14.38%、56.63%,土壤微生物总量下降56.05%。连栽导致土壤磷酸酶活性下降20.00%,脲酶活性下降11.54%,蔗糖酶活性下降29.39%,蛋白酶活性下降50.00%,过氧化氢酶活性下降1.92%,而多酚氧化酶活性增加100.00%。方差分析结果表明,不同栽植代数间,土壤细菌数量、微生物总量、蛋白酶活性差异达到显著性水平。     

几种因素对东革阿里的愈伤组织中抗肿瘤药物成分累积的影响(英文)

研究提高东葛阿里的愈伤组织中抗肿瘤药物成分的累积。有些因素(不同培养基成分和物理因素)影响东葛阿里的愈伤组织中抗肿瘤药物成分的积累。结果表明:在1/4MS基本培养基的愈伤组织中获得较高的抗肿瘤药物成分(3.84mg·g-1干重)。与在基本培养基中添加碳源相比,添加2%果糖,抗肿瘤药物成分产量最高(4.59mg·g-1)。添加激素(3,6-Dichloro-o-aniscicacid,2.0mg·L-1),也可提高抗肿瘤药物成分产量(12.3mg·g-1)。在基本培养基pH值为5.5时,可获得较高的抗肿瘤药物成分产量(1.53mg·g-1)。当基本培养基附加苯丙氨酸(1×10-1μM)时,抗肿瘤药物成分产量也被提高到2.34mg·g-1。成功地提取了在试管培养下获得的抗肿瘤药物成分,具有大范围生产的潜力。     

在饮料加工中引入显微镜分析的初步探索

在橙汁和枸杞汁2种饮料的生产过程中,应用显微镜进行分析研究,分别观察到了2种饮料在悬浮稳定剂溶解、配制料液制成、混合调配、均质及杀菌等加工工艺中的显微状态图,并试图从构成上分析不同状态产生的原因,同时也验证了部分相关的理论。显微镜的引入为指导饮料制作和提高体系稳定性提供了新的方法。     

低温胁迫对转SoTUA基因甘蔗生理生化特性的影响

[目的]研究低温胁迫对转α-微管蛋白(TUA)基因甘蔗生理生化特性的影响,对甘蔗TUA基因(SoTUA)进行功能鉴定,为甘蔗抗寒品种选育提供参考依据.[方法]通过对pCAMBIA3300载体上的标记基因GFP进行PCR扩增及测序,鉴定转SoTUA基因阳性甘蔗品系.从中选择4个转基因品系(L1、L2、L3和L4),以野生型ROC22植株为对照(CK),对各处理进行低温(4℃)胁迫处理,在胁迫第0、4、7和12 d时分别测定不同处理甘蔗的生理生化指标.[结果]运用PCR筛选得到转SoTUA基因T1代甘蔗植株,对其中4个品系及CK的低温胁迫试验结果表明,在低温下各品系可溶性糖含量以不同模式变化,转基因各品系普遍高于CK;各品系中的可溶性蛋白在冷驯化前期强烈诱导,总体变化趋势为先升高后降低,转基因各品系普遍高于CK;各品系中丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,其中CK的增幅最大;过氧化物酶(POD)活性下降,除L2外,POD活性变化总体上呈先升高后降低的变化趋势;脯氨酸含量在低温胁迫过程中的变化趋势无明显规律.利用改进的极点排序法对各品系抗寒性进行评价,可知各品系抗寒性强弱排序为:L3>L1>L2>L4>CK.[结论]低温胁迫下4个转SoTUA基因甘蔗品系在生理生化指标上的表现均优于CK,即SoTUA基因在甘蔗体内的过量表达有利于甘蔗抗寒性能的提高.