不同方法提取柚皮总黄酮含量的比较研究

比较了柚皮总黄酮的超声波强化提取与乙醇回流法对柚皮总黄酮提取率的影响,结果表明:超声波强化提取率是乙醇回流法的1.5倍。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了超声波强化提取柚皮总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇浓度为70%、料液比为1∶15、超声波功率为240 W的条件下提取2 h,柚皮总黄酮的提取率为5.093%。     

穴位注射维生素B1联合按揉对剖宫产术后肛门排气的影响

目的观察穴位注射维生素B1联合按揉对剖宫产术后肛门排气的影响。方法 170例行剖宫产手术产妇随机分为观察组与对照组,每组85例。对照组采用维生素B1肌注治疗,观察组在此基础上联合穴位按揉,对比两组首次出现肠鸣音、肛门排气、首次进食时间以及开始母乳喂养时间情况。结果观察组产妇出现首次肠鸣音、首次肛门排气、首次进食时间以及开始母乳喂养时间均明显快于对照组(均P<0.01)。观察组产妇肠胀气的发生率比对照组低(1.2%vs 9.4%,P<0.05)。结论穴位注射维生素B1联合按揉能够有效促进剖宫产产妇术后胃肠功能恢复,加快肛门排气,减少术后肠胀气的发生,促进母乳喂养。     

Genetic variation inferred from RAPD fingerprinting in three species of tilapia

This study used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting for estimating genetic variation and species differentiation in three species of tilapia. A 16-mer random primer generated RAPD markers ranging from 250 to 2400 base pairs (bp). Genetic similarity estimates obtained by pairwise comparisons based on the method of Nei and Li (1979) indicated high genetic similarity (mean genetic similarity (± sd), 0.73 (± 0.15) for Nile tilapia; 0.78 (± 0.12) for Mozambique tilapia; and 0.87 (± 0.07) for Aureus tilapia) within each of the tilapia species. The average interspecies genetic similarities obtained among the three species were 0.59 (± 0.07) for Mozambique/Nile tilapia, 0.46 (± 0.09) for Aureus/Nile tilapia and 0.38 (± 0.07) for Aureus/Mozambique tilapia pair. DNA profiles generated in each species of tilapia were unique. A total of 13 RAPD markers differentiating the three species of tilapia were detected. Our study presented RAPD markers as a new class of useful genetic markers for assessment of genetic diversity and species differentiation in tilapia.     

Influence of dietary arginine and glycine content on thyroid function and growth of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Juvenile rainbow trout, held at 12°C on a 12 h light :12 h dark photocycle, were fed a constant ration (1 % of body wt day ^?1) of isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets that varied in either arginine content (3.6-56.1 g kg^?1 dry matter; experiment 1), or glycine (3.3–118 g kg^?1 dry matter) and alanine (5.0-42.3 g kg^?1 dry matter) content (experiment 2). In experiment 1, the lowest dietary level of arginine depressed growth, feed efficiency, plasma l -thyroxine (T₄) and 3,5,3′-triiodo-l -thyronine (T₃) levels and hepatic T₄ 5’monodeiodinase (5'D) activity responsible for T₄-to-T₃ conversion. Over the dietary range of 7.1–56.1 g arginine kg^?1, there was no change in 5'D activity, despite an arginine stimulation of growth. The optimum level of arginine for growth was within the range of 14.1–28.1 g kg^?1 of the diet or 32–63 g kg^?1 of dietary protein. In experiment 2, an increase in dietary glycine level, at the expense of glutamic acid, increased 5'D activity without attendant elevation of the plasma T₃ level. The latter finding suggests that glycine also induced a compensatory increase in T₃ degradation rate. This may explain why the glycine-induced increase in 5'D activity was unaccompanied by any changes in growth indices. Alteration of dietary alanine content did not affect growth or thyroid function. We conclude that of the various dietary amino acids tested, only glycine led to a progressive stimulation of hepatic T₄ 5'D activity. However, because glycine likely enhanced T₃ degradation, no increases in plasma T₃ or growth indices were found. Glycine may serve as an advance signal that activates thyroid function immediately preceding or coincident with energy and nutrient (especially protein) intake. This, in turn, may improve the efficiency of nutrient absorption and/or post-absorptive anabolic events.     

Action of selected antibiotics on four common bacteria associated with diseases of fish

Abstract. Four bacteria commonly associated with diseases of fish ( Aeromonas hydrophila complex, Aeromonas salmonicida, Flexibacter columnaris -like organisms and Pseudomonas fluorescens ) were evaluated in a serial dilution system for susceptibility to four antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of bacterial fish diseases (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, furpyrinol and oxytetracycline). Findings were expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Furpyrinol was found to have the lowest MIC and MBC against A. hydrophila complex, A. salmonicida and F. columnaris-like organisms. MIC and MBC's for oxytetracycline were complicated by the presenceof R-plasmids, but were less than 4.0 mcg/ml for those without plasmids. Pseudomonas fluorescens was susceptible only to oxytetracycline. MIC for all groups of organisms using chloramphenicol was generally less than 16.0 mcg/ml. Susceptibility to erythromycin by these groups of organisms was greater than 16 mcg/ml.     

Characterizing tourism benefits associated with top‐predator conservation in coastal British Columbia

1. Facing public concern over costs related to top‐predator reintroductions and conservation, ecosystem services such as ecotourism are often used to evoke benefits that outweigh or offset those costs. Quantifying these benefits using rigorous scientific methods can provide confidence to policymakers and other stakeholders that predators can in fact deliver positive outcomes to people living alongside them. The evaluation of these benefits is often anecdotal or qualitative, however, and empirical quantifications are rare.
2. In coastal marine ecosystems, sea otter reintroduction is seen as a conservation success to some but a bane to others. The contribution of sea otters (Enyhdra lutris) to tourism revenue is touted as a crucial ecosystem service benefit to offset the loss of shellfish harvesting and associated revenue, but remains unquantified, weakening the favourable reception of conservation action.
3. The potential economic benefits of sea otters associated with tourism and the extent to which benefits are realized were evaluated based on: (i) choice‐experiment surveys of tourists; and (ii) interviews with tourism operators in British Columbia.
4. Sea otters were a strong factor in people's choices regarding wildlife viewing, and sea otters could have large benefits for local economies. Alongside socio‐economic characteristics, tourism experience influences tourists’ preferences. Tourism operators did not perceive sea otters as strongly influencing tourist choice, highlighting the gap that can occur between the perception and the reality of tourist preferences, leading to missed opportunities for the alignment of economic development with conservation actions.

     

Comparative sensitivity of five fish cell lines to wild type infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus from two Oregon sources

Abstract. Five fish cell lines (CHSE-214, STE-137, RTG-2, EPC and FHM) were compared for sensitivity to infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) from samples obtained from naturally-infected fish. Infectious ovarian fluids were obtained from steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, at the Round Butte Hatchery in central Oregon and tissue homogenates were prepared from chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), alevins during an IHN virus epizootic at the Elk River Hatchery in coastal Oregon. The only lines to show characteristic viral cytopathology by plaque or end-point dilution assay for the steelhead trout virus isolate were the EPC and FHM cell lines. The chinook salmon isolates produced CPE in CHSE-214, STE-137, FHM and EPC cells. The titre of the salmon virus isolate was 10-50-fold higher on FHM and EPC cells by both assay methods. Neither by end-point nor plaque assay did the Round Butte or Elk River isolates produce CPE on RTG-2 cells. With both virus isolants both cell lines showed that greater sensitivity was obtained with plaque assay than with end-point titration. Pre-treatment of the cells with the polycation, polybrene, did not increase the virus titre in either assay. However, a transient enhancement in virus titre was observed in polybrene-treated STE-137 and CHSE-214 cells.     

Precipitation chemistry at a high elevation forest in central Taiwan

High elevation ecosystems are particularly sensitive to environmental change. Mountain agriculture is extending to areas at high elevations in Taiwan but the effects on nutrient cycling of the surrounding ecosystems are largely unknown. We examined precipitation chemistry at Piluchi Experimental Forest in central Taiwan to evaluate the contributions of local air pollution and long-range transport of air pollutants on nutrient cycling at this seemingly remote forest. Sea-salt aerosols and anthropogenic pollutants resulting from long-range transport of air pollutants and mountain agriculture activities are the key factors affecting precipitation chemistry at Piluchi Experimental Forest. Precipitation chemistry was dominated by ions of oceanic origin in the summer and by anthropogenic pollutants SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻ and NH₄ ⁺ in the winter and spring, the northeast monsoon season. The much higher concentrations of S and N in the northeast monsoon season than the summer suggest a substantial contribution from long-range transport as the prevailing air masses moved from inland China and passed over the industrialized east coast of China before arriving in Taiwan. The very high concentration of NH₄ ⁺ (22 μeq L⁻¹) in the spring, when the local application of N-containing fertilizers was high, signifies the influences of mountain agriculture. Despite very low concentrations relative to other sites in Taiwan, annual input of NH₄ ⁺ (3.6 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), NO₃ ⁻ (7.2 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and SO₄ ²⁻ (10 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) via precipitation was substantial suggesting that high elevation ecosystems of Taiwan are not free from the threat of atmospheric deposition of pollutants.     

云南省马铃薯、番茄晚疫病菌对甲霜灵敏感性及地理分布

用含药平板法对2003年至2005年分离自云南省22个马铃薯和番茄产区的257个马铃薯和番茄晚疫病菌菌株的甲霜灵敏感性进行了系统的测定。结果表明,在11个马铃薯或番茄产区检测到甲霜灵抗性或中抗菌株的马铃薯和番茄晚疫病菌对甲霜灵的敏感性表现出明显的差异,马铃薯晚疫病菌主要由甲霜灵敏感群体组成,而番茄晚疫病菌主要由甲霜灵抗性和中抗群体组成。测定的167个马铃薯晚疫病菌中,甲霜灵抗性、中抗、敏感菌株分别为20.4%、7.2%和72.4%;测定的90个番茄晚疫病菌中,甲霜灵抗性、中抗、敏感菌株分别为56.7%、28.9%和14.4%。马铃薯和番茄晚疫病菌对甲霜灵抗性和中抗菌株在滇中多季作种植区内发生的比例较高。甲霜灵的药效已在云南省的少数马铃薯和大部分番茄产区下降甚至失效,因此,避免长期使用单一的杀菌剂对晚疫病进行防治是非常必要的。