Emergence of anoxia in the California current large marine ecosystem

Eastern boundary current systems are among the world's most productive large marine ecosystems. Because upwelling currents transport nutrient-rich but oxygen-depleted water onto shallow seas, large expanses of productive continental shelves can be vulnerable to the risk of extreme low-oxygen events. Here, we report the novel rise of water-column shelf anoxia in the northern California Current system, a large marine ecosystem with no previous record of such extreme oxygen deficits. The expansion of anoxia highlights the potential for rapid and discontinuous ecosystem change in productive coastal systems that sustain a major portion of the world's fisheries.     

An evaluation of the precision,and various sources of error,in daily and cumulative precipitation chemistry sampling

Experiments have been carried out to assess the precision and various potential sources of error in precipitation chemistry and deposition measurements made by the Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS). It was found that reproducibility of daily precipitation concentration measurements of S0₄ ^? and NO₃ ^? using colocated Aerochem Metrics samplers is 96% or better for 50% of the time, and 73% or better for 95 % of the time. For these parameters, MIC Type A 28-d samplers give reproducibilities of 94% or better 50% of the time, and 79% or better 95 % of the time. The reproducibility for the concentration of the other major ions, and loading (concentration times sample depth) is somewhat poorer. Concentration changes due to sample degradation or evaporative losses under field conditions are negligible or small on average, even for 28-d samples. For 28-d concentration measurements using MIC Type A collectors, errors due to evaporation amount to about 3% as an annual average, and 5% during the summer period. For S0₄ ^? and NO₃ ^?, overall long-term errors due to exposure under field conditions (including dry contamination and degradation due to chemical reactions), and sample handling, are less than 10%, at least for the techniques used in APIOS. A major potential source of error still to be quantified is unrepresentative sampling by automatic wet-only collectros (i.e., missing of initial portions of precipitation events due to sluggish sensor response, or less than 100% collection efficiencies of precipitation amounts).     

我国农业标准化动力机制探析

一、我国农业标准化现状审视 近年来,我国的农业标准化进程取得了长足的进步,农业主管部门,各省、自治区、直辖市农业部门都设置了标准化管理机构,农业标准化工作主要以建立健全农业标准化体系和建设农业标准化生产示范基地、提高农产品质量和安全性、促进农业产业化发展为重点,取得了明显成效。然而,我国现有的农业标准与国际标准还有相当大的差距．农业标准化建设中还存在着诸多问题。     

有关油气田企业投标国际工程项目问题的思考

承揽国际石油工程项目对于我国油气田企业的发展有着至关重要的意义。国际石油工程项目在资格预审、招标文件、投标报价、合同条件和技术规范等方面有其自身特点。针对油气田企业投标国际石油工程项目存在的工程造价管理体制落后、投标文件质量缺乏保障、投标报价技巧欠佳等问题,提出了建立健全信息文件资料库、完善资格预审、高度重视招标文件、...     

魔芋飞粉/淀粉基共混膜的制备及性能研究

以魔芋(Amorphophallus rivieri)飞粉、淀粉为主要原料,以甘油为增塑剂,通过流延成膜法制备淀粉/飞粉共混薄膜,以耐水性和力学性能优化飞粉/淀粉的质量比,并从共混膜的相容性和热稳定性角度进行表征,研究魔芋飞粉共混膜的制备条件和膜性能。结果表明,共混膜的最佳飞粉/淀粉质量比为1∶3,此时吸水倍数为0.20 g/g,断裂强度为475.68 N,断裂伸长率为8.85 mm。红外和扫描电镜结果表明,具有网状结构的葡甘聚糖提高了膜的相容性和均匀度,膜的断裂强度和拉伸性增强;纯淀粉膜、交联淀粉膜和共混膜热失重为三阶段式,最终质量损伤率分别为82.91%、93.21%和80.27%;第一、二阶段峰温分别为87、303℃,75、309℃和83、282℃。与纯淀粉膜相比,飞粉淀粉共混膜相容性有所改善,并且更易热降解。     

不同逆转录载体系统应用于水牛胎儿成纤维细胞转基因的探索

采用2种不同的逆转录病毒载体系统（pMX和pMSCV）,构建携带绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）基因的重组载体,探索能高效感染水牛胎儿成纤维细胞（BFFs）的病毒系统和感染方法.结果发现,2种逆转录病毒系统包装出的重组病毒滴度都能达到10⁶,将pMX病毒系统生产的重组病毒经超速离心浓缩后,滴度可达到10⁷;2种重组病毒都能感染BFFs,但pMX系统比pMSCV系统更能有效地感染BFFs;通过对病毒的感染方式进行比较,发现使用新鲜病毒连续感染BFFs 2次（每次间隔12 h）,或者经过超速离心浓缩后的病毒感染BFFs 1次,可以显著提高感染效率.     

空心菜对入星云湖河水的净化及其生物产出分析

为充分开发利用入星云湖河水的N、P等营养资源,降低其富营养化水平,改善和保护星云湖生态系统,于2010—2013年采用微区试验与大区试验相结合、静态试验与动态试验相结合的方法,研究了漂浮空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica)对入星云湖河水净化及其生物产出的规律。结果表明:漂浮空心菜对入湖河水具有较好的水质净化效应,静态条件下空心菜对入湖河水全N、水溶性P的去除率高达90%以上,动态条件下则达50%左右,空心菜吸收入湖河水N、P、K的量分别平均为348.4、50.9、530.4 kg·hm-2·a-1,且其绝大部分被空心菜的茎叶吸收(占93.0%,为864.5 kg·hm-2·a-1)。空心菜对入湖河水的净化量,以水溶性N计平均为27 321 m3·hm-2·a-1,以水溶性P计平均为67 569 m3·hm-2·a-1;空心菜的生长主要依赖入湖河水中N、P等营养物质(两者呈正相关),通过茎叶大量吸收并同化入湖河水中的N、P等养分后,空心菜获得了较高的茎叶生物产出量(占90.9%,鲜重量平均为112 032.0 kg·hm-2·a-1)。利用入星云湖河水漂浮种植空心菜,产生了明显的生态效益和经济效益。     

Changes to a soil on irrigation with a sanitary landfill leachate

A detailed soil column leaching experiment was set up to investigate the changes in properties to a soil as a result of irrigation with an alkaline sanitary landfill leachate (pH 10.3). Chemistry of the soil was drastically altered as a consequence of the interaction. The soil was titrated from pH 5 to pH 10 and was changed from an exchangeable Mg dominated soil to an exchangeable Ca dominated soil. Magnesium was displaced by ion exchange reaction at acid pH, but at pH 10, 14.2 meq 100 g^?1 of Mg, i.e. up to three times the cation exchange capacity of Mg, was adsorbed in non-exchangeable forms at the immediate surface of the soil column by specific adsorption reactions. The leachate-treated soil was not stable on distilled water leaching. Structural breakdown led to clay dispersion and reduction in pore space, resulting in a 64 times reduction in hydraulic conductivity, 1.6 × 10^?4 to 2.5 × 10^?6 cm s^?1. The structural breakdown could be explained in term of the increase in Na adsorption ratio of the treated soil and the subsequent reduction in electrolyte concentration following the distilled water treatment.     

Computer simulations of homeward-migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon: is compass orientation a sufficient direction-finding mechanism in the north-east Pacific Ocean?

Computer simulations were used to investigate whether compass orientation is a sufficient guidance mechanism for sockeye salmon migrating to the Fraser River from their ocean foraging grounds in the north-east Pacific Ocean. Daily surface ocean currents, simulated by the ocean surface current simulations (OSCURS) model, were used to test the influence of currents on the return oceanic migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon. High seas tagging and coastal recover data of Fraser River sockeye salmon were used for the migration simulations. Surface currents were shown to increase the speed of the homeward-migrating sockeye salmon, as well as to deflect the fish in a north-eastward direction. In spite of ocean currents, all Fraser River sockeye salmon were able to reach their destination with a fixed direction and bioenergetically efficient swimming speed when migration was delayed until the last month at sea. Compass orientation alone was shown to be a sufficient direction-finding mechanism for Fraser River sockeye salmon.