麦/油-稻轮作下秸秆还田与氮肥管理对直播杂交稻氮素利用特征的影响

【目的】探明秸秆还田和氮肥管理对麦/油后直播杂交稻氮素积累、转运、氮肥利用效率及籽粒产量的影响。【方法】选用优质三系杂交稻宜香优2115,采用二因素裂区设计,麦、油茬田同步开展试验,处理完全一致。主区为麦/油秸秆全量翻埋还田(M₁)和秸秆不还田(对照,M₀),副区设4个氮肥管理,即不施氮对照(N₀)、m_基肥∶m_分蘖肥∶m_促花肥∶m_保花肥比例分别为1∶0∶0∶0(N₁)、3∶3∶2∶2(N₂)、2∶2∶3∶3(N₃),测定了直播杂交稻主要生育时期各器官的氮素积累量及籽粒产量。【结果】结果表明,两种轮作方式下,氮肥管理对直播杂交稻主要生育时期的氮素积累、齐穗后茎鞘、叶片的氮素转运及稻株氮素利用效率均存在显著或极显著的调控效应。秸秆还田显著提高麦/油茬杂交稻中后期的氮素积累量、茎鞘和叶片的氮素转运量以及氮肥利用效率,其中,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥表观利用率较秸秆不还田分别提高了34.96%/28.76%、2.52%/2.61%和31.91%/22.30%。同时,油菜秸秆还田下直播杂交稻各生育时期氮素积累和产量较麦秆还田表现更好,籽粒产量提高481 kg/hm²(5.22%)。M₁N₂处理、M₀N₃处理下,直播杂交稻各阶段的氮素积累速率明显加大,促进结实期茎鞘和叶片的氮素向穗部转运,成熟期稻株氮素积累量优势明显且有较高的氮素利用效率(麦/油茬稻氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力和表观利用率分别达17.87 kg∙kg^-1/17.85 kg∙kg^-1、67.27 kg∙kg^-1/71.28 kg∙kg^-1、74.93%/75.05%),最终实现高产。【结论】在麦/油-稻轮作下秸秆全量还田,配合N₂氮肥管理,可有效提高直播杂交稻氮素吸收、利用效率,增加籽粒产量,尤以油菜秸杆还田的效果更好。     

论农业文化遗产保护与美丽乡村建设——以云南为例

党的十九大提出了乡村振兴战略,美丽乡村是农业文明的重要体现,是中华民族的文化根脉和精神家园。云南有着丰厚的农业文化遗产,本文从农业文化遗产地村落景观保护、特有农作物品种保护和加大农业文化遗产宣传保护等层面,提出了挖掘云南农业文化遗产及建设云南美丽乡村的对策建议。     

Predicting the potential geographic distribution of Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis(Diptera: Tephritidae) in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling

Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia. Although these pests have not established in China, precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature. Thus, we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent) model with the occurrence records of these two species. Bactrocera bryoniae and B. neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China, and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20% of the globe. Globally, the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia, the central and the southeast coast of Africa, southern North America, northern and central South America, and Australia. While within China, most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species. Notably, southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis invasions. Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis in the world and in particular China, and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions.     

不同甘蔗品种对低温胁迫的生理响应及耐寒性综合评价

本研究以甘蔗的3个杂交品种（ROC22、Co281、KQ01-1390）和3个原种（28NG16、57NG155、96NG16）为供试材料,研究低温胁迫对成熟期蔗株的形态、叶片的质膜相对透性、蔗茎的渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性等指标的影响,并对6个品种甘蔗耐寒性进行评价。结果表明：经-3 ℃夜间低温处理3 d后,甘蔗植株均出现叶片干枯、卷曲,生长点损伤或坏死变黑,蔗茎侧芽发黑、变软等症状,纵剖蔗茎可明显看到茎内组织呈水煮状,蔗叶相对电导率上升,蔗茎丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro）含量和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均上升,蔗茎超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降。通过隶属函数法综合评价,6个甘蔗品种耐寒能力依次为：KQ01-1390>Co281>ROC22> 28NG16>57NG155>96NG16,可见供试材料中的甘蔗原种对低温胁迫反应敏感,耐寒性比杂交品种弱。     

The Effect of Methanolic Valeriana officinalis Root Extract on Adipocyte Differentiation and Adiponectin Production in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ and its endocrine function is closely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Valeriana officinalis (Valerian) exerts some...     

旱碱地增施叶面肥对减氮棉田冠层光分布及产量的影响

为了研究机采种植模式下不同水平减施氮肥后增施叶面肥对棉花花铃期冠层光分布、叶面积指数及与产量的影响,旱碱地条件下,设置0（CK）、60（N1）、90（N2）、120（N3）、150（N4）、180（N5,当地常规施氮量）、225 kg·hm^－2 （N6）7个施氮水平,其中N1～N4喷施叶面肥4次,测定花铃期群体叶面积指数（Leaf area index, LAI）、冠层光分布和籽棉产量。结果表明：与当地常规施氮量相比,减施（60～150 kg·hm^－2）氮肥后,棉花花铃期叶面积指数降低0.7%～5.5%,冠层光总截获率降低0.2～1.7百分点,冠层光透射率升高0.2～0.8百分点;各减施氮肥处理群体叶面积指数与冠层上层叶片的光截获率均呈显著正相关,与下层叶片的光截获率则呈负相关;籽棉产量随施氮量的减少而降低,二者有较高的相关性（R²＝0.990 5）。减氮（90～150 kg·hm^－2）增施叶面肥处理的LAI、冠层光总截获率、光透射率、冠层上下层叶片光截获率以及籽棉产量与当地常规施氮量180 kg·hm^－2处理差异均不显著。综上,旱碱地机采模式棉田增施叶面肥,对减施氮肥棉花花铃期冠层光分布、叶面积指数及籽棉产量有一定补偿作用。     

灌溉量对玉米生育后期脱水阶段子粒水分的影响

以玉米品种先玉335、九圣禾2468为试验材料,测定不同灌溉量处理的玉米生理成熟至田间收获期间子粒含水率的变化。结果表明,生育期等量灌溉和分配灌溉量试验,在9.0×10~4株/hm^2、12.0×10~4株/hm^2种植密度下,灌溉量增加使子粒含水量呈增加趋势,且脱水速率减慢。灌溉量从3 600 m^3/hm^2增至7 200 m^3/hm^2,子粒含水率分别增加0.94~2.87个百分点,差异达显著水平。灌溉量与种植密度双因素辅助试验,在种植密度6.0×10~4株/hm^2至13.5×10~4株/hm^2时,灌溉量从3 000 m^3/hm^2增至6 000 m^3/hm^2,子粒含水率分别增加1.60~5.00个百分点;在灌溉量3 000 m^3/hm^2和6 000 m^3/hm^2条件下,种植密度从6.0×10~4株/hm^2增至13.5×10~4株/hm^2,子粒含水率有差异,无明显增加或降低趋势;4 500 m3/hm^2灌溉量下各种植密度处理间的子粒含水率未表现出显著差异。     

玉米果穗不同部位子粒水分动态差异研究

为明确玉米果穗不同部位子粒含水率和脱水速率的动态变化差异,在春玉米区宁夏银川和夏玉米区河南新乡采用8个不同熟期和脱水速率的品种,将玉米果穗垂直等分为5个部位,定期测定不同部位子粒含水率,计算子粒脱水速率。结果表明,玉米生长中后期,果穗上部子粒含水率低于中下部子粒含水率,生理成熟前各部位子粒含水率的差值低于生理成熟后。参试品种生理成熟前20 d时不同部位子粒含水率极差低于3%,成熟期的极差值变幅为0.6%～5.2%,生理成熟后极差最大值可达6.2%。同一果穗自上而下子粒的脱水速率逐渐降低,品种之间有明显差异,先玉335、迪卡517和迪卡519果穗不同部位子粒脱水速率差异较大。果穗中部子粒脱水速率和平均脱水速率与不同部位子粒含水率的极差值呈负相关。     

2019年美国玉米高产竞赛简报

介绍2019年美国玉米高产竞赛情况和竞赛结果,分析全美优胜者的分布区域、选用种子品牌及信息,进而分析玉米高产原因,从而提出美国玉米高产竞赛对我国玉米生产的启示和建议。     

Potential Anti-Aging Substances Derived from Seaweeds

Aging is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The exact mechanisms underlying the aging process are not fully elucidated. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that several pathways, such as sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, insulin-like growth factor, autophagy, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 play critical roles in regulating aging. Furthermore, genetic or dietary interventions of these pathways can extend lifespan by delaying the aging process. Seaweeds are a food source rich in many nutrients, including fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds. The health benefits of seaweeds include, but are not limited to, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obese activities. Interestingly, a body of studies shows that some seaweed-derived extracts or isolated compounds, can modulate these aging-regulating pathways or even extend lifespans of various animal models. However, few such studies have been conducted on higher animals or even humans. In this review, we focused on potential anti-aging bioactive substances in seaweeds that have been studied in cells and animals mainly based on their anti-aging cellular and molecular mechanisms.