Everted third eyelid cartilage in a cat: a case report and literature review

An 8-year-old neutered female British Blue cat was presented with a presumed diagnosis of a prolapsed nictitans gland and associated ocular irritation and epiphora. However, during surgery, the apparent nictitans gland protrusion was determined to be an everted cartilage of the nictitating membrane. The scrolled portion of the cartilage was removed through an incision through the conjunctiva on the bulbar aspect of the third eyelid, as previously described in the dog. This operation resolved the ocular irritation occurring, and the third eyelid returned to its anatomically correct position.     

Tracing possible drivers of synchronously fluctuating species catches in individual logbook data

Abstract Recreational fisheries statistics can provide valuable information on the dynamics of fish stocks and their exploitation. For some reservoirs in the Czech Republic, there are conspicuous synchronous fluctuations in catches of different species that might be caused by fishing skills and strategies. This study describes a method that could detect signatures of such phenomena in individual logbooks. It classifies anglers by species reported during 1 year and compares the resulting angler groups by group size, fishing effort, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and annual catch. The method is illustrated by data from one reservoir, showing that the number of generalist anglers who caught several species was higher than expected. Generalists also had higher catches and effort but lower CPUE than specialists who caught only one of the species. The results indicate that generalist anglers with a low degree of specialisation and high effort could contribute to long‐term correlations in species catches.     

Fire cycle of the Canada's boreal region and its potential response to global change

Interactions of fire cycle and plant species' reproductive characteristics could determine vegetation distribution pattern of a landscape. In Canada's boreal region, fire cycles before the Little Ice Age (c. 1850s) ranged from 30-130 years and 25-234 years afterwards until the settlement period (c. 1930s) when longer fire cycles occurred in response to climatic change and human interference. Analysis indi-cated that fire cycles were correlated with growing season (April-October) temperature and precipitation departure from the 1961-1990 nor-mal, varying by regions. Assuming that wildfires will respond to future warming similar to the manner during the past century, an assess-ment using climatic change scenarios CGCM1, CGCM2 and HadCM2 indicates fire cycles would divert to a range of 80-140 years in the west taiga shield, more than 700 years for the east boreal shield and east taiga shield, and 300-400 years for the boreal plains in 2050.     

The persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus on wool

SUMMARY Five Suffolk sheep, held in a high-security isolation room, were exposed for 2 hours to the aerosol of 3 mature pigs that had been infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), strain O₁-BFS. The fleeces of 3 of the sheep were contaminated with FMDV at 2 days post exposure (dpe), while at 5 dpe the fleeces of all 5 sheep were more extensively, and more heavily, contaminated. The persistence of FMDV on contaminated wool was examined in vitro using multiple 0.5 g samples of Merino wool that were each contaminated with one of 3 strains of FMDV in tissue-culture medium: O₁-BFS, O-Morocco (O-MOR 9/91) or an Asia 1 strain (TAI 1/90). Wool samples were held at either 4°C, 18°C or 37°C, and decay curves were established for each virus at each temperature. These curves predicted that O₁-BFS, O-MOR 9/91 and TAI 1/90 would fall below detect-able levels at 72, 70 and 48 days post contamination (pc), respectively, for wool stored at 4°C; at 11, 12 and 12 days pc, respectively, for wool stored at 18°C; and at 57, 68 and 33 hours pc, respectively, for wool stored at 37°C. For wool contaminated with O₁-BFS-infected sheep faeces, urine or blood, or with O₁-BFS-infected cattle saliva, decay curves predicted virus to persist for 5 to 11 days pc at 18°C. We demonstrated that the simulated scouring of FMDV-contaminated wool at 60° to 70°C would usually reduce virus to below detectable levels. The detergent component of the scouring process had little, if any, antiviral activity, and scouring at 20°C or 50°C had limited impact on FMDV titres . We recommend that either (1) simple storage of FMDV-contaminated wool for 4 weeks at temperatures of 18°C or higher, or (2) scouring of contaminated wool at 60° to 70°C would be sufficient to remove the threat of FMDV-contaminated wool being infectious to other animals .     

Evaluation of the impact of parasite control with the IVOMEC SR Bolus given at breeding age on first lactation yield in Holstein heifers.

This field trial was conducted to test the effect of treatment with a sustained-release ivermectin bolus on first lactation milk production (projected to 305 days) and milk composition (percent fat and protein) in breeding-aged Holstein heifers. From 12 herds, 96 heifers were randomly allocated at turnout to treatment with a commercially available ivermectin bolus (n=49) or untreated control (n=47) groups. Animals were weighed at turnout, mid-season, and at the end of the grazing season. Fecal samples were taken and nematode eggs counted. Projected 305 days milk production, fat and protein content were retrieved from PATLQ reports (Quebec DHI records) for heifers that calved during the subsequent 10 months. The heifers had a mean weight of 409 and 404 kg at turnout, respectively, for control and treated groups. Nematode egg excretion was relatively low (mean of 10 egg/g (EPG) for controls at housing) throughout the pasture season. The average daily gain (ADG) and total weight gain (TWG) over the entire pasture season was found to be higher in treated heifers compared to controls (ADG: difference=0.08 kg per day, P=0.010; TWG: difference=12.82 kg, P=0.013). Taking into account a possible farm effect, the 305 days milk production for IVOMEC SR bolus-treated heifers was significantly higher than for untreated animals (mean+/-S.D.; 348+/-476 kg; t-test=2.31, P<0.05). Overall, 8 of the 10 remaining farms in the study demonstrated a positive milk production difference in treated (n=34) versus control heifers (n=33). The results of this study suggest that preventive treatment of breeding-aged, grazing dairy heifers with a sustained-release ivermectin bolus provides a significant weight-gain which may translate to a significant milk production advantage, even in situations with commercial utilization of moderately contaminated pastures.     

Effects of diabetes on ischemic/reperfusion injury and cell apoptosis in rats myocardium via alterations in peroxynitrite

AIM: To determine the effects of different-term streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetes on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and cell apoptosis in rats myocardial via alterations in myocardial peroxynitrite.METHODS: The models of I/R injury were induced by occlusion and reperfusion of the left descending coronary artery (LDCA) in rats.I/R-induced infarct size was determined using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.Quantified caspase-3 expression was used to represent apoptosis by Western blotting analysis.Peroxynitrite formation as indicated by nitrotyrosine level was measured by morphometric analysis.RESULTS: Two weeks after STZ treatment,infarct size (35.00%±3.00%) was smaller in 2 weeks diabetic hearts (2WKD) as compared with time-matched control group (2WKC) (51.00%±3.30%),whereas after 16 weeks of diabetes (16WKD),the infarct size (61.00%±3.00%) was bigger in the diabetic hearts as compared with the 16WKC group (50.00%±2.00%,P<0.05).After I/R,caspase-3 expression was lower in 2WKD+I/R group (A value：481±77) than that in 2WKC+I/R group (A value：1033±46),while caspase-3 was higher in the 16WKD+I/R group (A value：1206±78) than that in 16WKC+I/R group (A value：940±72,P<0.05).Nitrotyrosine was lower in 2WKD hearts (A value：211±13) than that in controls (A value：409±12),but was higher in 16WKD group (A value：506±37) compared with controls (A value：378±46,P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Short- and long-term STZ induced diabetes exerts opposite influences on myocardial I/R injury and cell apoptosis,and these contradictory influences may depend on different alterations in myocardial peroxynitrite.     

盐胁迫下粪产碱菌在水稻根表的定殖(英文)

粪产碱菌A1 5 0 1能在氯化钠浓度高达 4%的固体和液体介质中良好生长 ,合成IAA和固定空气中的氮素。当氯化钠浓度超过 3 %时 ,A1 5 0 1丧失运动和趋化能力。一定盐浓度胁迫下A1 5 0 1能定殖在水稻根表和根毛区和侧根伸出部位 ,表现出较高的联合固氮活性。0 5 %的氯化钠能促进A1 5 0 1在水稻根表的定殖能力。A1 5 0 1能通过侧根伸出部位侵入根内。     

Proximal Digital Annular Ligament Desmotomy in Horses: A Cadaveric Study

Proximal digital annular ligament (PDAL) desmitis occurs in horses for which PDAL desmotomy is the only reported treatment. The presented work aims to develop a technique for safely performing PDAL desmotomy in horses. Twenty hind limbs and 13 forelimbs, harvested from horses dead or euthanized for reasons unrelated to any structure in the pastern region, were used. All horses were free of disease at the level of their PDAL. Proximal digital annular ligament desmotomy was performed using a minimally invasive approach to the digital flexor tendon sheath between the palmar (plantar) annular ligament and the PDAL, using a medial or a lateral access. Limbs were immediately dissected after the procedure to assess the completeness of the PDAL desmotomy and any possible damage to surrounding structures. The PDAL was successfully transected in all limbs except one. Damage to the surrounding tissue included transection of the palmar digital nerve (n = 1), longitudinal tear of the superficial digital flexor tendon (n = 3), and transection of the ligament of the ergot (n = 21). A medial approach was found to be safer than a lateral approach. In conclusion, PDAL desmotomy can be performed in a safe, repeatable, and technically easy way. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of a standardized technique for performing a PDAL desmotomy in the horse.