基于激光反射的土壤表面粗糙度测量装置设计与试验

为了实时获取土壤表面粗糙度数据,设计了一种基于激光三角测距原理的土壤表面粗糙度专用测量装置.采用激光扫描测距仪测量微位移,其精度高、响应速度快,测距分辨力高达0.1 mm,显著提高了土壤表面粗糙度的测量精度;借助于光电编码盘和螺杆组合实现高精度扫描定位;PDA作为上位机,农田环境下具有方便携带,大容量存储数据和智能化实时处理功能等优点.     

基于EMD的土壤有机质含量近红外光谱检测

以检测土壤有机质含量为例,探讨经验模态分解在土壤近红外光谱检测中的应用,提出了应用的原理和步骤.用处理后的光谱计算了土壤中的有机质含量,并与九点平滑和小波变换方法的处理结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:与传统的九点平滑处理结果相比,SNR从3 dB左右提高到10 dB左右,原始信号与消噪信号之间的标准差由2.972降到0.901;预测集的决定系数r2由0.9410提高到0.9803,预测均方根误差RMSEP由0.6702降为0.301 1.证明了经验模态分解方法在光谱处理过程中的可靠性,提高了土壤有机质含量近红外光谱的定量分析精度.     

Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil

Soil enzymes are linked to microbial functions and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems and are considered sensitive to soil disturbances. We investigated the effects of severe soil compaction and whole-tree harvesting plus forest floor removal (referred to as FFR below, compared with stem-only harvesting) on available N, microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN), and microbial biomass P (MBP), and dehydrogenase, protease, and phosphatase activities in the forest floor and 0–10 cm mineral soil in a boreal aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest soil near Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada. In the forest floor, no soil compaction effects were observed for any of the soil microbial or enzyme activity parameters measured. In the mineral soil, compaction reduced available N, MBP, and acid phosphatase by 53, 47, and 48%, respectively, when forest floor was intact, and protease and alkaline phosphatase activities by 28 and 27%, respectively, regardless of FFR. Forest floor removal reduced available P, MBC, MBN, and protease and alkaline phosphatase activities by 38, 46, 49, 25, and 45%, respectively, regardless of soil compaction, and available N, MBP, and acid phosphatase activity by 52, 50, and 39%, respectively, in the noncompacted soil. Neither soil compaction nor FFR affected dehydrogenase activities. Reductions in microbial biomass and protease and phosphatase activities after compaction and FFR likely led to the reduced N and P availabilities in the soil. Our results indicate that microbial biomass and enzyme activities were sensitive to soil compaction and FFR and that such disturbances had negative consequences for forest soil N and P cycling and fertility.     

水稻土CH4产生潜力及其影响因素

培养试验所用15种水稻土样品采自全国各主要稻米产区。15种水稻土产CH4潜力差异很大,厌氧培养CH4产生率显著大于好氧培养,整个培养期(132d)总CH4产生量的变化范围为1.18～1180μgg-1(厌氧培养)和0.41～136μgg-1(好氧培养)。土壤CH4产生量受与土壤有机质含量有关的有机碳和全氮含量的显著影响,而与活性铁锰含量、颗粒组成、阳离子交换量、土壤pH等其他土壤理化性质之间无显著相关性,表明土壤有机质含量是影响CH4产生的最重要土壤性质。与类似试验的结果比较说明,土壤有机质含量对CH4产生量的影响程度可能与土样代表的空间尺度有关。     

种植水稻和长期施用无机肥对红壤氨氧化细菌多样性和硝化作用的影响

以中国科学院红壤生态试验站发育于第四纪红黏土的植稻红壤为研究对象,研究了长期种植水稻和施用无机肥对土壤β-变形杆菌纲中氨氧化细菌多样性和硝化作用的影响。原始红壤改种水稻13年后,氨氧化细菌16SrDNA的DGGE条带数量增加,条带谱与原始红壤的差异较大,相似性为61%,说明种植水稻后土壤氨氧化细菌群落结构发生了变化。PCR-DGGE方法研究结果也显示,长期施用无机氮肥的处理(NP、NPK和NK),DGGE带谱相似性较高,达到73%,硝化率和硝化势均高于未施用氮肥的处理。逐步回归分析显示硝化率和硝化势均随着土壤脲酶活性的提高而显著增加。推测尿素可提高土壤水解氮含量,使土壤脲酶活性提高,促进硝化细菌的生长,进而提高硝化率和硝化势。     

不同耕作方式对旱作区冬小麦生产和产量的影响

为了筛选出适宜旱作区推广的耕作技术,在旱作大田条件下,设置一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作四种耕作方式,研究了不同耕作方式下花后土壤水分和养分状况、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、小麦旗叶净光合速率和小麦籽粒灌浆速率及产量。结果表明,免耕覆盖、深松覆盖开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13%、6.23%和5.50%、9.27%,0～40 cm土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作,为小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境,从而提高了小麦灌浆中后期旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒转运,进而提高了籽粒灌浆速率,使得籽粒产量显著提高。     

波段比算法结合高光谱图像技术检测柑橘果锈

为克服柑橘表面不平整导致光线反射不均匀的影响,研究提出了波段比算法,使高光谱图像技术能够快速有效地检测柑橘果锈。首先根据Sheffield指数（SI）确定最佳波段（625 nm和717 nm）,经比值变换后得到第一幅比值图像;然后选取特征波长625 nm的邻近波段（621 nm）,与其比值变换后得到第二幅比值图像,提取轮廓,构建掩膜以消除第一幅比值图像的背景噪声,最后进行阈值分割和数字形态学运算,完成果锈区域的特征检测。试验结果表明,基于波段比算法的高光谱图像技术可有效检测柑橘果锈,检测率达到92%。研究表明波段比算法在高光谱图像技术快速无损地检测柑橘果锈中,能够有效地降低光照反射不均匀的影响,增强谱间差异,提高检测的精度。     

Simulating site-specific impacts of climate change on soil erosion and surface hydrology in southern Loess Plateau of China

Proper spatial and temporal treatments of climate change scenarios projected by General Circulation Models (GCMs) are critical to accurate assessment of climatic impacts on natural resources and ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the site-specific impacts of climate change on soil erosion and surface hydrology at the Changwu station of Shaanxi, China using a new spatiotemporal downscaling method. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model and climate change scenarios projected by the U.K. Hadley Centre's GCM (HadCM3) under the A2, B2, and GGa emissions scenarios were used in this study. The monthly precipitation and temperature projections were downloaded for the periods of 1900–1999 and 2010–2039 for the grid box containing the Changwu station. Univariate transfer functions were derived by matching probability distributions between station-measured and GCM-projected monthly precipitation and temperature for the 1950–1999 period. The derived functions were used to spatially downscale the GCM monthly projections of 2010–2039 in the grid box to the Changwu station. The downscaled monthly data were further disaggregated to daily weather series using a stochastic weather generator (CLIGEN). The HadCM3 projected that average annual precipitation during 2010–2039 would increase by 4 to 18% at Changwu and that frequency and intensity of large storms would also increase. Under the conventional tillage, simulated percent increases during 2010–2039, compared with the present climate, would be 49–112% for runoff and 31–167% for soil loss. However, simulated soil losses under the conservation tillage during 2010–2039 would be reduced by 39–51% compared with those under the conventional tillage in the present climate. The considerable reduction in soil loss in the conservation tillage indicates the importance of adopting conservation tillage in the region to control soil erosion under climate change.     

鄱阳湖区棉田不同种植模式的截流保肥效果

通过不同棉花栽培方式的田间试验,分析了不同的栽培措施对棉田径流拦截和肥料保持的效果。结果表明,棉花间种蔬菜、棉田翻耕覆盖及棉田免耕覆盖技术均可以有效地减少棉田的水土和肥料流失,且以免耕覆盖的泥沙流失量和翻耕覆盖的径流量、养分流失量最小,分别较常规栽培减少52.99%和50%、10.71%。     

水土保持生态自然修复适宜性研究综述

 根据我国的地域特点和水土保持生态建设的实施情况,进行适宜性研究至关重要。在介绍生态自然修复主要基础理论的基础上,分析了自然因素和人为因素对生态自然修复的影响作用。从区域定性、定量分析,地带性分区到GIS技术应用,以及适宜人为促进修复的作用和措施等方面探讨了水土保持生态自然修复适宜性研究的方法和内容。生态自然修复适宜性研究正向前迈进,在地理空间分析技术的引领下,生态自然修复适宜性评价在方法上会有新的发展。