低功耗经济型区域墒情实时监测系统

灌区墒情实时监测是现代灌区灌溉管理中的必要部分和基础工作。该文设计了一种利用微功耗处理器的墒情监测仪,仅用2节1号干电池供电,结合GPRS(general packet radio service)数据传输至网络服务器处理分析,从而实现了区域分布式的墒情监测。本系统设计装载4层土壤水分/温度传感器和1层水势传感器,根据灌溉管理需要布设在作物根区不同深度;利用微处理器和设计电路进行土壤墒情等参数的采集、存储、传输和控制,每小时采集1次数据、每日将数据发送至网络服务器。通过在灌区不同区域典型作物生育期内实际运行1 a结果表明,该系统采用干电池或锂离子电池供电,体积小而便于在田间布设,不影响农田耕作,方便经济;监测数据能够及时传送至网络服务器以进行结果处理和灌溉管理。该文同时也对系统特点进行了总结,并指出对该系统进一步改进和研发方向。     

不同粒径黄绵土的溅蚀规律及表土结皮发育研究

溅蚀是土壤侵蚀过程的开始,为侵蚀发展提供了物质来源。因此,对其进行研究有助于对侵蚀过程的深入了解。本文选择了广泛分布于黄土高原地区的黄绵土,通过对不同粒径的土样进行模拟降雨试验,分析了土壤颗粒的溅蚀规律和表土结皮的形成过程,以及溅蚀率变化趋势。结果表明,不同粒径土样的溅蚀量差异明显,粒径在0.15mm附近的土壤颗粒最易被溅蚀;在一定的降雨历时内不同粒径土样的表土结皮发育完善程度不同,据此可以很好地解释溅蚀率的变化。     

水分胁迫对刺五加幼苗光合生理特性的影响

 通过对刺五加（Acanthopanax Senticosus）幼苗的盆栽实验,模拟4个土壤水分梯度（对照、轻度水分胁迫、中度水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫）下,刺五加幼苗的光合色素、光合作用以及脯氨酸和丙二醛含量的变化特性。结果表明:光合色素含量随水分胁迫程度的加强呈下降的趋势,中度和重度水分胁迫组的光合色素含量较低,均显著低于对照组,而轻度水分胁迫组的光合色素含量与对照组差异不明显,且一直保持很高水平。各组的叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量比值在3.02～3.65之间波动。在轻度的水分胁迫环境下,其净光合速率未受到显著影响,保持与对照组一致的较高水平,其蒸腾速率较低,比对照组下降27.25%,而水分利用效率比对照组增加26.97%。在中度水分胁迫环境下,刺五加幼苗表现出了较低的净光合速率和蒸腾速率以及较高的水分利用效率,与对照组相比,净光合速率下降29.46%,蒸腾速率下降50.67%,水分利用效率升高33.70%;重度的水分胁迫下的净光合速率和蒸腾速率均处于最低水平,但此时水分利用效率却最大,高出对照77.51%。在整个实验期,叶片脯氨酸和丙二醛含量随着干旱胁迫强度的增加和胁迫时间的延长而持续上升。研究表明,刺五加幼苗具有一定的抗旱能力,但不适应相对干旱的土壤水分环境。研究结论为人工栽培刺五加提供了科学依据。     

Amino acids in grassland soils: Climatic effects on concentrations and chirality

The response of soil organic nitrogen (SON) dynamics to climate may partly be deduced from changes in the concentration and origin of the major N constituents in soil, such as amino acids. In this study, we determined the enantiomers of bound amino acids in 18 native grassland soils (0–10 cm) that were sampled along a transect from central Saskatchewan, Canada, to Southern Texas, USA. Mean annual temperature (MAT) ranged from 0.9 to 23.4 °C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 300 to 1308 mm. d-alanine and d-glutamic acid served as markers for the bacterial origin of SON. The d-content of lysine, phenylalanine, and aspartic acid indicated an ageing of the respective SON forms. Deuterium labeling was applied to account for hydrolysis-induced racemization reactions. We found that the concentration of the bacterial biomarkers was weakly but significantly parabolically related to MAT, as previously reported for microbial-derived amino sugars. The age markers d-lysine, d-phenylalanine, and d-aspartic acid comprised 2–15% of the respective l-form. The presence of these compounds demonstrated that the structures that contained these d-enantiomers had survived microbial attack, i.e., these hydrolyzable SON forms were conserved in soil despite a living environment. First estimates indicate that the mean residence time of the lysine-containing organic matter forms extend beyond a century. Within this time-scale we did not find that climate significantly affects the degree of ageing of SON constituents in the studied topsoils.     

Evolution of toxicity upon hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

Hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (FE), a widely used herbicide, was studied in aqueous buffer solutions at pH ranging from 4.0 to 10.0. The degradation kinetics, strongly dependent on pH values, followed first-order kinetics. FE was relatively stable in neutral media, whereas it degraded rapidly with decreasing or increasing pH. In acidic conditions (pH = 4, 5), the benzoxazolyl-oxy-phenyl ether linkage of FE was cleaved to form ethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoate (EHPP) and 6-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzoxazol-2-one (CDHB). While in basic conditions (pH = 8, 9, 10), herbicidal activity fenoxaprop-p (FA) was formed via breakdown of the ester bond of the herbicide. Both the two pathways were concurrent in neutral conditions (pH = 6, 7). Toxicity studies on Daphnia magna showed that FE was most toxic to D. magna with 48 h EC(50) of 14.3 micromol/L, followed by FA (43.8 micromol/L), CDHB (49.8 micromol/L), and EHPP (333.1 micromol/L). Mode of toxic action analysis indicated that EHPP exhibited toxicity via polar narcosis, whereas CDHB belonged to reactive acing compound. The mixture toxicity of CDHB and EHPP was nonadditive and can be predicted by a response addition model. Therefore, the evaluation of overall FE toxicity to D. magna in the aquatic systems needs to consider the degradation of FE.     

Correlation analysis of mineral element contents and quality traits in milled rice (Oryza stavia L.)

The relationships among potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) contents in milled rice (Oryza stavia L.) of 274 genotypes and the relationships between these mineral element contents and other rice quality traits including 3 cooking quality traits, 17 amino acid contents, and protein content were investigated. The results showed that there were significant correlations among most of mineral element contents. Mg, Fe, and Mn contents were significantly correlated with most of the other mineral element contents, while Cu content had significantly negative associations with the K and Mg contents of rice. The relationships between mineral element contents and cooking quality traits showed that gel consistency (GC) was significantly correlated with K, Cu, and Mn contents of rice. Amylose content (AC) was significantly associated with K, Na, Mg, Cu, and Mn contents. The alkali spreading value (ASV) had closely positive relationships with Ca, Mg, and Mn contents. In addition, 8 mineral element contents had obvious correlations with different amino acid contents. Mg, Ca, and Zn contents were significantly correlated with most of the 17 amino acid contents, but Na content did not correlate with amino acid contents except aspartic acid of rice. Furthermore, significant associations were found between protein content and Na, Mg, Zn, Cu, or Mn content. Six principal components were extracted to explain 84.50% of the total variances and contained the information provided by the original 29 variables according to the principal component analysis.     

Soil colloids-bound plasmid DNA: Effect on transformation of E. coli and resistance to DNase I degradation

The adsorption and binding of plasmid p34S DNA on four different colloidal fractions from a Brown soil and clay minerals in the presence of various Ca²⁺ concentrations, the ability of bound DNA to transform competent cells of CaCl₂-treated Escherichia coli, and the resistance of bound DNA to degradation by DNase I were studied. DNA adsorption on soil colloids and clay minerals was promoted in the presence of Ca²⁺. Kaolinite exhibited the highest adsorption affinity for DNA among the examined soil colloids and clay minerals. In comparison with organo-mineral complexes (organic clays) and fine clays (<0.2 μm), DNA was tightly adsorbed by H₂O₂-treated clays (inorganic clays) and coarse clays (0.2-2 μm). The transformation efficiency of bound DNA increased with increasing concentrations of Ca²⁺ at which soil colloid or clay mineral-DNA complexes were formed. DNA bound by kaolinite showed the lowest transformation efficiency, and especially no transformants were observed with kaolinite-DNA complex prepared at 5-100 mM Ca²⁺. Compared to organic clays and fine clays, DNA bound on inorganic clays and coarse clays showed a lower capacity to transform E. coli at different Ca²⁺ concentrations. The presence of soil colloids and minerals provided protection to DNA against degradation by DNase I. Montmorillonite, organic clays and fine clays showed stronger protective effects for DNA than inorganic clays and coarse clays. The protection mechanisms as well as the differences in transforming efficiency of plasmid DNA molecules bound on various soil colloidal particles are discussed. The information obtained in this study is of fundamental significance for the understanding of the horizontal dissemination of recombinant DNA and the fate of extracellular DNA in soil environments.     

对臭氧在温室蔬菜生产上应用的质疑

该文综合分析国内外有关近地面臭氧伤害作物,臭氧污染呈上升趋势的资料,以及对温室臭氧状况做尝试性监测后认为,因光化学反应,温室环境会存在臭氧污染,其浓度有可能达到伤害作物的程度.温室臭氧规律有待深入调查.温室中使用臭氧气体防治病虫害是个错误.     

玉米生长中的土壤呼吸及其受氮肥施用的影响

运用盆栽试验研究了玉米生长和施氮水平(N 150 mg kg-1和300 mg kg-1)对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明种植玉米的土壤呼吸速率(C)的变化范围为19. 6 ~ 762. 1 mg m-2h-1,而裸土为4. 3 ~ 36mg m-2h-1。在玉米生长的条件下,苗期土壤呼吸最低,73%的土壤呼吸分配在拔节孕穗期和成熟期。玉米生长中各阶段根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献在58%~98%,苗期最小。施氮对裸土呼吸速率无显著影响;在玉米生长的条件下,施用高氮的土壤呼吸比施用低氮高28%,且两种施氮水平下土壤呼吸的差异主要发生在生长中后期。玉米生长的条件下土壤呼吸与温度的相关性不显著,而裸土下土壤呼吸速率与气温、表土温度、5 cm土壤温度均呈极显著的相关性;裸土施用高氮下的土壤呼吸与温度的相关性大于低氮。总之,玉米生长和土壤施氮不仅影响土壤呼吸速率和呼吸量,也影响土壤呼吸在各生长阶段的分配,还影响到土壤呼吸与温度的关系。     

秸秆还田对西藏中部退化农田土壤微生物的影响

农作物的秸秆既含有相当数量的作物必需的碳、氮、磷、钾等营养元素,又具有改善土壤的理化性状和生物学性状、提高土壤肥力等作用[1]。土壤微生物是土壤的重要成分,通过它们的代谢活动,转化土壤中各种物质的形态,是构成土壤肥力的重要因素。土壤微生物控制着土壤生态系统的许多过程,行使的功能包括:有机物料的分解,土壤化学循环,土壤结构的形成,污染物的脱毒等。土壤微生物群体的改变可以作为预示土壤变化的指标[2]。近年来,在各种自然、人为因素的影响下,西藏中部地区农田土壤退化严重,农业可持续发展面临严重挑战。本实验研究了西藏中部春…